Reproduction and Development What is reproduction?

Anticipatory Set Please meet: Petero (from Uganda) and Kenadie!!! What do they have in common??

Crouzon Syndrome genetic disorder, skull bones fuse, 1-25,000 are affected *

                                                                 Meet Kenadie! Kenadie 3yrs.old Tyran 18mths. Primodial dwarfism

Chapter Vocabulary Chromatin Chromatid Chromosome Sister chromatids Homologous pair Diploid Haploid Autosome Sex chromosome Gene Karyotype Gamete Zygote Mutation Somatic Cells

Reproduction To make more of its own kind: A) asexual – 1 parent, identical offspring B) sexual – 2 parents, NOT identical offspring

What is a chromosome? Contains genetic information Made of genes which are made of DNA Chr. genes  DNA Let’s look at the structure: chromatid, centromere, double stranded chromosome

CHROMATIN thin uncoilded strands of DNA

CHROMATID each side of chromosome

What is the difference between chromatin and chromatid? The chromatids are made of a substance called chromatin. This is a single, very long strand of DNA. ... The chromatin is copied, so you now have 92 strands, that are each spiraled up to form the chromatids. The 2 copies of each chromatid are joined together by a centromere to form a chromosome.

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME the same shape and size carry genes for same traits

Karyotype What gender is this individual?

What can you tell me about this karyotype?

Mouse Karyotype

Diagnosis the individual…

DIPLOID cells with TWO sets of chromosomes (2n)

Haploid only ONE set of chromosomes (n)

Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle!

What is Mitosis? Cell division by nuclear duplication (exact copy) and cytoplasmic division Occurs through phases….

How to Remember the phases! I______________ P______________ M_____________ A______________ T______________

What are the phases (stages) of mitosis? Interphase: (not considered the first phase) G1, S, G2 Resting stage Chromosomes duplicate Growth Longest phase Chromosomes not visible

Prophase Nuclear membrane begins to disappear Nucleolus disappears Spindle fibers begin to form Chromosome visible Under microscope! Centrioles appear begin migrating to opposite pole -Asters radiate from centrioles & attach to chromosomes

Metaphase Chromosomes line up in middle Spindle fibers attach Centrioles on opposite ends (centrioles not present in plant Cell!

Anaphase Chromosomes separate Centromere duplicate Spindle fibers shorten

Telophase Membrane begins to pinch in Cytoplasm divides Daughter cells form (identical) Reappearance of nuclear membrane, centrosome, etc. Chromosomes not visible

When are chromosomes visible? Chromosomes first become visible during prophase in mitosis, and they are fully visible during metaphase and anaphase. They lose their visibility during telophase and are not visible during cytokinesis

Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides forming the cleavage furrow. Plant cell forms cell plate only!

!

mitosis *

Under the microscope !

Plant cell mitosis Identify the parts…

Difference in Plants NO CENTRIOLES FORMS CELL PLATE!!

Meiosis What is meiosis? Why do we need to learn about it??

Meisosis !

Mitosis and Meiosis

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

What are the different forms of asexual reproduction? 1. binary fission 2. budding 3. spore formation 4. regeneration 5. vegetative propagation

Binary Fission Equal division A) paramecium B) ameba

Budding Unequal cytoplasmic division A) yeast B) hydra Produces many buds Also reproduces sexually

Budding

Sporulation Spore formation A) bread mold Spores: released by parent, good condition the develop, protective wall to prevent drying of protoplasm Hypha, mycelium (spores), rhizoids

Bread Mold

Bread Mold YUM!!

Regeneration Growing back of missing parts A) starfish B) planaria (flatworm (we can’t regenerate due to “differentiated cells”) ex: we can’t grow a finger back!

Starfish Regeneration OUCH!

Vegetative Propagation Type of regeneration in plants from roots, stems or leaves A) Natural Vegetative Propagation 1. bulbs – onions, raddish (roots) 2. tubers – potatoes (stems) 3. runners – strawberries, ivy

Natural Vegetative Propagation *

Artificial Vegetative Propagation 1. cuttings 2. grafting