Chapter 21 America the Great War
FOREIGN POLICY
Great White Fleet
TR believes in civilized and uncivilized countries Civilized: industrial N & W Europe & Japan
Russo-Japanese War 1906 Nobel Prize
1902 Venezuela reneged on money owed to Great Britain & Germany Each sends ships to blockade ports Germans fire Teddy uses the fleet to threaren the Germans off
I’m worried about European powers getting a foothold into Latin America
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine US can intervene if neighbor is unable to maintain order or if independence is threatened
Dominican Republic *$22 million debt *US takes custom house-collects tariffs *pays off debts
US intervenes: Mexico 1914 1916-19 Cuba 1906-09 1917-22 Nicaragua 1909-10 1912-25 1926-33 Haiti 1915-34
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901 US and England agree to build a canal
Have to pick site
Us negotiates treaty with Columbia $10 million down ¼ million per year Get 6 mile wide zone
Philippe Bunau- Varilla
Philippe-Varilla organizes revolt TR lands Marines to maintain order Send USS Nashville to stop Columbian ships
USS Nashville
TR recognizes new government-negotiates treaty with Panama rep: $10 million $1/4 per year
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft’ policy: Investments/loans to keep countries friendly and prosperous
Wilson: Diplomacy and morality *sends Marines to Haiti 1915 *sets up military government in Dominican Republic 1916 *buys West Indies from Denmark
Mexico
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco Madero
Victoriano Huerta
Venustiano Carranza
Pancho Villa
Emiliano Zapata
John J. “Black Jack” Pershing
Queen Victoria of England
Victoria’s grandchildren: Maud-Queen of Norway Sophie-Queen of Greece Marie-Queen of Romania Alexandra-Czarina of Russia Wilhelm-Kaiser of Germany George-King of England
King George and Tsar Nicolas
Assassinated by Black Hand Garvilio Princip June 28, 1914
“impartial in thought as well as deed”
Why neutral? Use position as moral, neutral country to bring a peace agreement $ as neutral you can trade with everybody
Why does Wilson ignore British violation of neutral rights? *pro British *Small trade with Germany *Growing trade with GB & France
United States Trade with Nations at War (millions of dollars) Nation 1914 1915 1916 Great Britain 594 912 1,527 France 160 369 629 Italy 74 185 269 Germany 345 29 less than 1
Lusitania
May 7, 1915 1198 killed 128 Americans Sank in 18 minutes
National Defense Act 1916 *raise army 90,000 to 223,000 *National guard to 440,000 Naval Defense Act 1916 $500 million
Election of 1916 Woodrow Wilson Charles Evans Hughes
Wilson: “He kept us out of war”
“Peace without victory” January 1917 Wilson to Congress “Peace without victory”
January 31,1917 – Germany unrestricted submarine warfare February 25,1917 – Zimmerman Telegram March – Czar overthrown
April 2,1917 Wilson asks for War declaration 373 to 50 House 82 to 6 Senate
Cost of War: $32 billion How to pay: “Liberty Bonds” New Taxes $23 billion $10 billion
Council of National Defense Sets up boards to organize different areas of war effort War Industry Board Food Board Fuel Board
Selective Service Act May 1917 2.8 million men drafted
General John J. Pershing
A.E.F. leaves for France
Register on line for the AP Test February 1 – 27 Lafayette we are here
Alvin York
American Action The Battle of Chateau-Thierry & Belleau-Wood- June 6-26, 1918 Stops last German offensive- Marines take highest casualties- 1,811 dead
Argonne Americans take St. Mihiel 7,000 causalities Attack Argonne on September 26, 1918 Open with a barrage from 3, 928 guns 1 Million Americans fight 120,000 Casualties Big reason for the armistice
Meuse-Argonne
November 1918 *German Army at state of collapse *German Navy mutinies *Kaiser abdicates *Socialist revolts in German cities *November 11, 1918 war ends
Peace Movement & Government *Espionage Act *Sabotage Act *Sedition Act 1500 arrested Targets: Socialist, German-Amer.
Schenck v. United States *Schenck sent circulars to draftees *Oliver Wendell Holmes: “the most stringent protection of free speech would not a man in falsely shouting fire in theater. . .”
14 POINTS * 8 border adjustments *5 general principles free seas no secret treaties reduce arms free trade impartial mediator
League of Nations
Problems: *England/France must have compensation *Wilson makes 1918 elections a vote on his leadership *Wilson won’t take any Republicans with him
Peace Conference at Versailles
Big Four
Big Four *David Lloyd George – England *Georges Clemenceau – France *Vittorio Orlando – Italy *Woodrow Wilson - US Germany not invited!!!
Treaty of Versailles *no freedom of seas *no self-determination *Reparations $56 billion *War guilt clause *German colonies in trusteeship *League of Nations
Senate problems with treaty: *Want to modify so US not required to jump into all international problems *make sure League not a challenge to Monroe Doctrine
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
Wilson goes on Tour 9/3/1919- Embarks on a 8,000 mile tour 35 speeches in 22 days Wilson has a stroke in Pueblo, Col 10/2/1919
Senate led by Republican Henry Cabot Lodge defeat Treaty Nov 19, 1919- 39 yea 55 nays March 20, 1920 Final Rejection 35 yeas 49 nays Signed separate Peace w/ Germany in 1921
Post-war Problems *Economic: boom to inflation to recession strikes Seattle ship workers Steel workers
Reasons for strikes: Inflation reduces purchasing power Recession causes unemployment Promised raises refused
Boston Police Strike “there is no right to strike against the public safety by anyone, anywhere, any time”
*Race –lynching increases 70 in 1919 *Race riots Chicago 15 Whites 23 Blacks Nationwide 120 deaths
United Negro Improvement Association Marcus Garvey United Negro Improvement Association
Back to Africa Movement
American Communist Party *RED SCARE American Communist Party Sacco and Vanzetti
Election of 1920
Republicans: Warren G. Harding Return to Normalcy
Florence Harding
Democrats
Franklin D. Roosevelt James Cox