Treatment of Dermal Fibroblasts with GPI-Anchored Human TIMP-1 Protein Moderates Processes Linked to Scar Formation Roghieh Djafarzadeh, Susan Notohamiprodjo,

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Treatment of Dermal Fibroblasts with GPI-Anchored Human TIMP-1 Protein Moderates Processes Linked to Scar Formation Roghieh Djafarzadeh, Susan Notohamiprodjo, Nicole Rieth, Monika Hofstetter, Elfriede Noessner, Peter J. Nelson Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 133, Issue 3, Pages 803-811 (March 2013) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.375 Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1-glycosylphosphatidylinositol (TIMP-1-GPI) is efficiently reincorporated into the surface membranes of fibroblasts and reduces the secretion of matrix metalloprotein (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. (a) Purified TIMP-1-GPI or control recombinant human (rh) TIMP-1 was added to primary dermal fibroblasts and TIMP-1 detected by FACS analysis. Gray histograms represent isotype controls and solid-line histograms represent TIMP-1 antibody staining. To demonstrate GPI linkage, treated cells were incubated with 120ngml−1 PLC and then subjected to FACS analysis. (b) TIMP-1-GPI treatment reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 release into the growth media as seen by gelatine zymography. (c) ELISA was used to quantify MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins. (d) The reduced gelatinase secretion seen with TIMP-1-GPI treatment recovered following PLC treatment. Fibroblasts were pretreated with vehicle, rhTIMP-1, or TIMP-1-GPI for 24hours, and then treated by phospholipase C (PLC) digestion. After an additional 24hours, the cell culture supernatants were assayed by gelatinase zymography. rhTIMP-1, recombinant human TIMP-1. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 803-811DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.375) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1-glycosylphosphatidylinositol (TIMP-1-GPI) treatment led to increased surface expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Following incubation of primary dermal fibroblasts with 14ngml of purified recombinant human (rh) TIMP-1-GPI protein for 24hours, FACS analyses using MMP-1-, MMP-2-, MMP-9-, and MMP-13-specific antibodies were performed. Shown are increased mean channel fluorescence (MCF) signals for TIMP-1 after cell treatment with TIMP-GPI, as well as increased fluorescence of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13. Gray histograms represent isotype controls, and solid-line histograms represent respective antibody stainings. TBP is tumor necrosis factor binding protein II. Shown are representative histograms of repeated experiments with similar results. rhTIMP-1, recombinant human TIMP-1. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 803-811DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.375) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1-glycosylphosphatidylinositol (TIMP-1-GPI) treatment suppresses serum and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced fibroblast proliferation. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays were performed to assess the effect of TIMP-1 surface engineering on the proliferation of fibroblasts. Serum and/or TNF-α were used to stimulate proliferation. Fibroblasts treated with 7 or 14ngml−1 TIMP-1-GPI showed a reduction to serum (0, 1, 5, or 10%) and/or TNF-α (0.4, 1, or 10ngml−1) induced proliferation after 48hours of treatment. Control recombinant human (rh) TIMP-1 or heat-denatured TIMP-1-GPI at 14ngml−1 did not strongly influence proliferation of the cells. dTIMP, denatured tissue inhibitor of metalloprotein-1; FCS, fetal calf serum; rhTIMP-1, recombinant human TIMP-1. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 803-811DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.375) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Treatment of fibroblasts with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1-glycosylphosphatidylinositol (TIMP-1-GPI) renders the cells more sensitive to apoptosis. Fibroblast cells were untreated or treated with vehicle, 12ngml−1 TIMP-1-GPI, or recombinant human (rh) TIMP-1. (a) Binding of annexin V-FITC (FL1) and 7-aminoactiomycin D (FL3) was used to detect viable, early, and late apoptosis by flow cytometry. (b) Regulation of apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, Survivin, and AFAP-1) with TIMP-1-GPI in fibroblast cells. Bcl-2, Bax, Survivin, and Apaf-1 expression in fibroblast cells following treatment with TIMP-1-GPI or rhTIMP-1 was analyzed by western blot analysis. FL, fluorescence channel; rhTIMP-1, recombinant human TIMP-1. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 803-811DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.375) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1-glycosylphosphatidylinositol (TIMP-1-GPI) treatment transiently moderates the steady-state expression of fibrosis-associated genes. Primary dermal fibroblasts were treated with 7ngml−1 TIMP-1-GPI, 14ngml−1 TIMP-1-GPI, 14ngml−1 of heat-treated TIMP-1-GPI, or 14ngml−1 of recombinant human (rh) TIMP-1 and then stimulated with serum (0, 1, 5 and 10% FCS), with or without the presence of 10ngml−1 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). After 48hours, messenger RNA was isolated and subjected to analysis using TaqMan reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). In parallel, fibroblasts treated for 24hours were subjected to phospholipase C (PLC) digestion (120ngml−1) and placed back into culture for an additional 24hours. The genes analyzed were (a) collagen 1A1, (b) collagen 4A2, (c) fibronectin, (d) collagen 16A1, (e) connective tissue growth factor, and (f) transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β). FCS, fetal calf serum; rhTIMP-1, recombinant human TIMP-1; rRNA, ribosomal RNA. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 803-811DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.375) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions