The Role of Uncertainty in D-I-K-A Management Business isn’t complicated. The complications arise when people are cut off from information they need. Jack Welch 11/15/2018 Information Technology

Information Technology 1. D-I-K-A Model Concepts Data = Representations of reality Info. = Data which provides relevant clues or news Knowledge = The framework or schema for organizing the relationships between pieces of information. Action = The deeds or decisions made based on knowledge 11/15/2018 Information Technology

Information Technology D-I-K-A Model 11/15/2018 Information Technology

Information Technology 2. What is uncertainty? Certainty Known Law-like Sure Clear Predictable Absolute Simple Stable Uncertainty Unknown Chaotic Unsure Vague Random Provisional Complex Turbulent 11/15/2018 Information Technology

3. How do we create certainty? Method Benefits Limitations Gut Instincts Authorities Experiences Reasoning Testing 11/15/2018 Information Technology

4. What are the basic types of uncertainty? Perceiving Deciding Acting 11/15/2018 Information Technology

a. Perceiving uncertainty Social Factors Prevailing ideology Mass media Opinion leaders Individual Factors Contextual clues Past experiences Organizational schemas 11/15/2018 Information Technology

Information Technology b. Making decisions Social Factors Group norms Language choices Information systems Individual Factors Stress Heuristics Representativeness Availability Anchoring Risk management predisposition Overconfidence 11/15/2018 Information Technology

c. Acting when uncertain Social Reward & punishment structures Option framing Individual Cognitive dissonance Fear 11/15/2018 Information Technology

5. How comfortable are people with uncertainty? 11/15/2018 Information Technology

Information Technology Comfort (cont’d) 11/15/2018 Information Technology

Information Technology 6. So what? More D-I-K-A can increase uncertainty More D-I-K-A can decrease uncertainty People tend to pay the most attention to D-I-K-A that decreases uncertainty and confirms preexisting beliefs (confirmation bias) More data and information do not necessarily generate better decision-making but they make us more confident 11/15/2018 Information Technology

Information Technology So what? (cont’d) Technologies impact the amount and distribution of D-I-K-A, which in turn, influences perceptions of uncertainty Technologies perceived as producing too much uncertainty tend to be resisted (compatibility attribute) Increasing the D-I-K-A cycle time can increase perceptions of an innovation’s adaptability. 11/15/2018 Information Technology