Oglala Lakota County WHEN? “Settling the West” 1860s 1870 1890 1900 Nov., 2014 vote for name change from Shannon to Oglala Lakota County Oglala Lakota County

Events Leading to “Custer Expedition” “Making sense of the Harney Peak decision: Answers to questions about controversial renaming” - Rapid City Journal Aug. 14, 2016 1854 - Grattan Incident 1855 - “Ash Hollow Incident” Black Elk Peak

Great Platte River Road Impact of the Platte River Road …

Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 Note the territory recognized …

Events Leading to Discovery 1857 - Warren Report 1859 - Captain Raynolds Report

Important Local Events: Read pages 360-361, up to “The Indian Wars Conclude,” answering … (1) What ideology is reflected in the quote by Horace Greeley? (2) Summarize events within section, “Conflict Throughout the Plains.” (3) What is mentioned about Captain William Fetterman and the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868? 1874 – Custer Black Hills Expedition 1874-79 – Black Hills Gold Rush 1876 – Battle of the Little Bighorn 1877 – Black Hills Cession 1879 – American Indian Boarding School Movement (first Lakota children taken) 1883 – Court of Indian Offenses 1887 – Dawes Act 1889 – Sioux Act of 1889

Related Events Surrounding the Black Hills Dakota Sioux Uprising of 1862 Annuities never came “38+2” Event Sand Creek Massacre (1864) “The foulest and most unjustified crime in the annals of America.” Red Cloud’s War (1866-68) Fetterman Fight

Bozeman Trail, 1863-1869 Trails across Powder River Basin … Gold discovered Montana …

Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868 established … [1] Established the Great Sioux Reservation of 1868 [2] Shuts down military forts & travel along Bozeman Trail [3] Rights in Unceded Territory [4] Established a mission, school, annuities, tools for farming, etc. [5] Army will secure Black Hills

Great Sioux Reservation of 1868

Custer Expedition, 1874

Custer Expedition of 1874 Purpose: To find location of appropriate military base. Scout location of future railroads. Confirm presence of gold (Panic of 1873).

Custer Expedition, 1874: (1) Summarize, what happened? (2) Why was this an atypical military expedition?

Handout – Custer Expedition Answer questions, writing down the answers only: (1) What concepts from our class could we use to describe events contained in the handout? (2) Summarize, who was taken along on this military expedition, and what was different about this “military expedition?” (3) Summarize, what happened during the expedition: what did Custer do, where was gold discovered, etc? (4) What was the response of leaders of our country – President Grant, General Sheridan, to this expedition, and what did they encourage to be done about the “Black Hills issue?”

Custer Expedition, 1874: Initial discovery – Gold was first discovered along French Creek near present-day Custer, SD by the Custer Expedition Why was the expedition atypical? Illegal Settlements – Eventually … when settlers arrive to the Black Hills, most of these communities, including Deadwood, Custer, Hill City, and Rapid City, were established by 1876, making them illegal settlements

Settling the West – Mining in the Black Hills ** Write down the following: (1) Describe Tinton, SD and the Black Hills ghost towns … (2) How many ghost towns in the Black Hills? (3) Black Hills towns in 1876 compared to four years later … (4) 90% of the prospectors that arrived to the Black Hills … (5) Why the majority of these prospectors went to the Black Hills? From SDPB (0:00 to 10:25): http://listen.sdpb.org/post/exploring-black-hills-ghost-towns

- How did the Custer Expedition of 1874 change forever the history of the Black Hills? Discovery of Gold Custer Expedition found flakes – in Hill City, Sheridan, and Pactola, but never a “bonanza.” 1874 and 1875, settlers flood the Black Hills General Crook & U.S. Army kicks them out. 1875, maybe 1,500 settlers throughout Black Hills.

Black Hills Gold Rush, 1874-77 Jenney-Newton Expedition … 1875, Negotiations for the Black Hills … 1875, President Grant does not enforce securing Black Hills. July, 1876, an estimated 15,000 settlers in the Hills.

Great Sioux Reservation of 1868 By Jan. 31, 1876: All Lakotas ordered to report to Agency head-quarters … “Custer Minute Men …”

Settling the West – Mining “Boom and bust cycles” Vigilance committees ** Importance of mining to establishment of the American West … Boomtowns Ghost towns

Placer Mining Early prospectors utilized placer mining, getting at the shallow deposits close to the soil using picks, shovels, and pans.

Sluice Mining Water is diverted from a riverbed to a box with metal “riffle” bars and a screen, built to cause heavier materials (minerals) to settle at the bottom of box, which allowed water and sediment to escape.

Hydraulic Mining When deposits at the surface ran out, hydraulic mining, was used, using high pressure water to remove large quantities of earth against a hill or mountainside, exposing the hard minerals beneath.

Quartz Mining Mine shafts are dug and people go underground to extract the materials

Open-pit Mining A surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by removal from an open pit. Rock quarries Copper mines Coal Marble Uranium

Black Hills Gold Rush, 1874-77 Deadwood and Whitewood Creeks in the northern Black Hills … “… each spade of earth revealed a veritable fortune in gold.” The discovery of the northern deposits … The establishment at Deadwood …

Homestake Mine … Would eventually produce 10% of the world’s gold supply over the next 125 years.

Black Hills Gold Rush, 1874-77 Establishment of Rockerville … Establishment of Rapid City …

Settling the West – Mining in the Black Hills ** Write down the following: (1) Describe Tinton, SD and the Black Hills ghost towns … (2) How many ghost towns in the Black Hills? (3) Black Hills towns in 1876 compared to four years later … (4) 90% of the prospectors that arrived to the Black Hills … (5) Why the majority of these prospectors went to the Black Hills? From SDPB (0:00 to 10:25): http://listen.sdpb.org/post/exploring-black-hills-ghost-towns