Producing and Measuring Electricity

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Presentation transcript:

Producing and Measuring Electricity 15/11/2018 Producing and Measuring Electricity Edexcel W Richards The Weald School

DC and AC 15/11/2018 V DC stands for “Direct Current” – the current only flows in one direction: Time 1/50th s AC stands for “Alternating Current” – the current changes direction 50 times every second (frequency = 50Hz) 240V T V

Types of Batteries Type of Battery Contains Uses Wet cell rechargeable 15/11/2018 Type of Battery Contains Uses Wet cell rechargeable Lead and acid Cars, industry Dry cell rechargeable Nickel, cadmium, lithium Mobile phones, power tools Dry cell non-rechargeable Zinc, carbon, manganese, lithium Torches, clocks, hearing aids Why use rechargeable batteries? Long long-term expense Can be used many times Less energy to produce Why use standard batteries? No need for charger Less expensive Rechargeables contain carcinogens

Capacity (Ah) = Current (A) x Time (hours) Battery Capacity 15/11/2018 The capacity of a battery is measured in Amp Hours (Ah). Basically, a battery with a capacity of 1Ah will provide a current of 1A for 1 hour. Capacity (Ah) = Current (A) x Time (hours) A battery provides a current of 2A for 2 hours. What was its capacity? Another battery has a capacity of 10Ah. If it runs out after half an hour what current was being drawn? A mobile phone battery has a capacity of 1100mAh. If it runs on a current of 250mA when being used in a phone call how long could the call last?

Electric Current 15/11/2018 Electric current is a flow of negatively charged particles (i.e. electrons). Note that electrons go from negative to positive - + e- e-

Words: volts, amps, ohms, voltage, ammeter, voltmeter Basic ideas… 15/11/2018 Electric current is when electrons start to flow around a circuit. We use an _________ to measure it and it is measured in ____. Potential difference (also called _______) is how big the push on the electrons is. We use a ________ to measure it and it is measured in ______, a unit named after Volta. Resistance is anything that resists an electric current. It is measured in _____. It usually increases when a device gets hot. Words: volts, amps, ohms, voltage, ammeter, voltmeter

More basic ideas… 15/11/2018 If a battery is added the current will ________ because there is a greater _____ on the electrons If a bulb is added the current will _______ because there is greater ________ in the circuit

Electromagnetic induction 15/11/2018 Electromagnetic induction The direction of the induced current is reversed if… The magnet is moved in the opposite direction The other pole is inserted first The size of the induced current can be increased by: Increasing the speed of movement Increasing the magnet strength Increasing the number of turns on the coil

Generators (dynamos) Induced current can be increased in 4 ways: 15/11/2018 Induced current can be increased in 4 ways: Increasing the speed of movement Increasing the magnetic field strength Increasing the number of turns on the coil Increasing the area of the coil

Resistance V R I Resistance = Voltage (in V) (in ) Current (in A) Georg Simon Ohm 1789-1854 15/11/2018 Resistance is anything that will RESIST a current. It is measured in Ohms, a unit named after me. The resistance of a component can be calculated using Ohm’s Law: V R I Resistance = Voltage (in V) (in ) Current (in A)

An example question: Ammeter reads 2A A V 15/11/2018 Ammeter reads 2A V A What is the resistance across this bulb? Assuming all the bulbs are the same what is the total resistance in this circuit? Voltmeter reads 10V

What is the resistance of these bulbs? More examples… 15/11/2018 3A 6V 12V 4V 2A 1A 2V 3A What is the resistance of these bulbs?

Resistance Resistance is anything that opposes an electric current. 15/11/2018 Resistance is anything that opposes an electric current. Resistance (Ohms, ) = Potential Difference (volts, V) Current (amps, A) What is the resistance of the following: A bulb with a voltage of 3V and a current of 1A. A resistor with a voltage of 12V and a current of 3A A diode with a voltage of 240V and a current of 40A A thermistor with a current of 0.5A and a voltage of 10V

Current-voltage graphs 15/11/2018 I V I Low R I High R V 3. Thermistor 1. Resistor Resistance goes down as the thermistor gets hotter (i.e. more voltage) Current increases in proportion to voltage V 2. Bulb As voltage increases the bulb gets hotter and resistance increases

LDRs and Thermistors 15/11/2018

LDRs and Thermistors 15/11/2018 1) Light dependant resistor – resistance DECREASES when light intensity INCREASES 2) Thermistor – resistance DECREASES when temperature INCREASES Resistance Amount of light Resistance Temperature

Electrical Inventions 15/11/2018 Match these inventions with when they were invented: Electric kettle Telephone Television Electric fire Electric iron Vacuum cleaner 1876 1882 1891 1892 1908 1920s

Computers Apple 1 (1976) – 1Mhz processor, 4K RAM, cost $670 15/11/2018 IBM 5100 portable PC (1975), 25kg, 1.9MHz processor, 64K RAM, 200K internal tape storage, cost up to $20,000 Apple 1 (1976) – 1Mhz processor, 4K RAM, cost $670 Apple Macintosh (1984) – 8Mhz processor, 512K RAM, cost $2500 Commodore 64 (1982) – 1Mhz processor, 64K RAM, 16 colours, cost $600, 17m sold

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926) Superconductivity 15/11/2018 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926) In 1911 I discovered superconductivity. This is when a metal can conduct electricity with zero resistance. I won the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1913. The Maglev train is based on superconductivity and uses magnets to propel the train to speeds of over 300mph.