Chapter 8 Objectives Define a fluid. Distinguish a gas from a liquid. Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Objectives Define a fluid. Distinguish a gas from a liquid. Determine the magnitude of the buoyant force exerted on a floating object or a submerged object. Explain why some objects float and some objects sink.

Chapter 8 Defining a Fluid Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Defining a Fluid A fluid is a nonsolid state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other, as in a gas or a liquid. Both liquids and gases are considered fluids because they can flow and change shape. Liquids have a definite volume; gases do not.

Density and Buoyant Force Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Density and Buoyant Force The concentration of matter of an object is called the mass density. Mass density is measured as the mass per unit volume of a substance.

Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Mass Density

Density and Buoyant Force, continued Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Density and Buoyant Force, continued The buoyant force is the upward force exerted by a liquid on an object immersed in or floating on the liquid. Buoyant forces can keep objects afloat.

Buoyant Force and Archimedes’ Principle Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Buoyant Force and Archimedes’ Principle

Displaced Volume of a Fluid Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Displaced Volume of a Fluid

Density and Buoyant Force, continued Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Density and Buoyant Force, continued Archimedes’ principle describes the magnitude of a buoyant force. Archimedes’ principle: Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. FB = Fg (displaced fluid) = mfg magnitude of buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced

Buoyant Force on Floating Objects Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Buoyant Force on Floating Objects

Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Buoyant Force

Density and Buoyant Force, continued Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Density and Buoyant Force, continued For a floating object, the buoyant force equals the object’s weight. The apparent weight of a submerged object depends on the density of the object. For an object with density rO submerged in a fluid of density rf, the buoyant force FB obeys the following ratio:

Chapter 8 Sample Problem Buoyant Force Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Sample Problem Buoyant Force A bargain hunter purchases a “gold” crown at a flea market. After she gets home, she hangs the crown from a scale and finds its weight to be 7.84 N. She then weighs the crown while it is immersed in water, and the scale reads 6.86 N. Is the crown made of pure gold? Explain.

Sample Problem, continued Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Sample Problem, continued Buoyant Force 1. Define Given: Fg = 7.84 N apparent weight = 6.86 N rf = pwater = 1.00  103 kg/m3 Unknown: rO = ?

Sample Problem, continued Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Sample Problem, continued Buoyant Force 1. Define, continued TIP: The use of a diagram can help clarify a problem and the variables involved. In this diagram, FT,1 equals the actual weight of the crown, and FT,2 is the apparent weight of the crown when immersed in water. Diagram:

Sample Problem, continued Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Sample Problem, continued Buoyant Force 2. Plan Choose an equation or situation: Because the object is completely submerged, consider the ratio of the weight to the buoyant force.

Sample Problem, continued Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Sample Problem, continued Buoyant Force 2. Plan, continued Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknown:

Sample Problem, continued Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Sample Problem, continued Buoyant Force 3. Calculate Substitute the values into the equation and solve:

Sample Problem, continued Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Chapter 8 Sample Problem, continued Buoyant Force 4. Evaluate From the table, the density of gold is 19.3  103 kg/m3. Because 8.0  103 kg/m3 < 19.3  103 kg/m3, the crown cannot be pure gold.

Chapter 8 Objectives Calculate the pressure exerted by a fluid. Section 2 Fluid Pressure Chapter 8 Objectives Calculate the pressure exerted by a fluid. Calculate how pressure varies with depth in a fluid.

Section 2 Fluid Pressure Chapter 8 Pressure Pressure is the magnitude of the force on a surface per unit area. Pascal’s principle states that pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is transmitted equally to every point of the fluid and to the walls of the container.

Section 2 Fluid Pressure Chapter 8 Pascal’s Principle

Chapter 8 Pressure, continued Pressure varies with depth in a fluid. Section 2 Fluid Pressure Chapter 8 Pressure, continued Pressure varies with depth in a fluid. The pressure in a fluid increases with depth.

Fluid Pressure as a Function of Depth Section 2 Fluid Pressure Chapter 8 Fluid Pressure as a Function of Depth

Section 3 Fluids in Motion Chapter 8 Objectives Examine the motion of a fluid using the continuity equation. Recognize the effects of Bernoulli’s principle on fluid motion.

Section 3 Fluids in Motion Chapter 8 Fluid Flow Moving fluids can exhibit laminar (smooth) flow or turbulent (irregular) flow. An ideal fluid is a fluid that has no internal friction or viscosity and is incompressible. The ideal fluid model simplifies fluid-flow analysis.

Characteristics of an Ideal Fluid Section 3 Fluids in Motion Chapter 8 Characteristics of an Ideal Fluid

Principles of Fluid Flow Section 3 Fluids in Motion Chapter 8 Principles of Fluid Flow The continuity equation results from conserva-tion of mass. Continuity equation A1v1 = A2v2 Area  speed in region 1 = area  speed in region 2

Principles of Fluid Flow, continued Section 3 Fluids in Motion Chapter 8 Principles of Fluid Flow, continued The speed of fluid flow depends on cross-sectional area. Bernoulli’s principle states that the pressure in a fluid decreases as the fluid’s velocity increases.

Bernoulli’s Principle Section 3 Fluids in Motion Chapter 8 Bernoulli’s Principle