Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C “honk” Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon Organic compounds Contain significant amounts of carbon. Often found with common "functional groups"

Carbohydrates Includes: Sugars, starches, cellulose & glycogen Made of Carbon ( C ), Hydrogen ( H ), and Oxygen (O ) Following ratio of elements CnH2nOn Sugars: Provide immediate energy for cells Simple sugars include Glucose & Fructose since these are made of only 1 Carbohydrate molecule they are known as Monosaccharides Glucose: A Monosaccharide

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Starches are many monosaccharides linked together in a single chain. These are called Polysaccharides. Plants use Starch for energy storage e.g. Potatoes Starch Cellulose is made of long polysaccharide chains Plants use this for structure (e.g. Wood) - not very digestible Due to the reverse orientation of the monosaccharide subunits, digestive enzymes cannot hydrolyze the bonds between them

Carbohydrates Glycogen Glycogen is a moderately branched polysaccharide Animals use this for short-term energy storage. Mostly stored in the human liver until converted to fat Glycogen

Lipids Lipids are macromolecules including Fats, Waxes and Oils. Primary function is energy storage. Energy is stored in C- H bonds. More efficient in storing energy Lipids are made of 2 parts Glycerol - an alcohol - Serves as backbone of the molecule 3 Fatty acids - Long hydrocarbon chains

Lipids Types of fats Saturated fats have long chains with no double-bonds Unsaturated fats have double bonds Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends" slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body temperatures. And thus, less likely to clog cardiac arteries.

Proteins Proteins are made of Amino Acids There are 20 different amino acids. Each having a similar general structure - Differ only in their “R” groups

Proteins Peptide Bonds Amino acids form proteins via dehydration synthesis forming peptide bonds Two amino acids linked together are called dipeptides More than 2 linked together are called polypeptides - polypeptides can be thousands of amino acids long

Nucleic Acids Two types of Nucleic acids DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic acid) DNA is Formed of in a "Double Helix" - like a spiral staircase.

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides DNA is formed from Nucleotides These are made of 3 components A 5-Carbon Sugar A Nitrogenous base A Phosphate group Nucleotides form a backbone through linkages from the OH group of the 3rd carbon to a phosphate group of the adjoining nucleotide. These are called Phosphodiester bonds

Nucleic Acids Types of Nucleotides For DNA There are 4 different Nucleotides categorized as either Purines (double ring) or Pyramidines (single ringed). These are usually represented by a letter. These Are: Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Thymine (T)

Summary of DNA Structure Nucleic Acids Summary of DNA Structure