Ch. 4 Vocabulary – Cells in Action Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane Semi-permeable Phospholipid Phospholipid Bilayer 4) Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport Passive Transport

Ch. 4 Vocabulary – Cells in Action Endocytosis endo means “into” Exocytosis exo means “exit” ATP Glucose Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation Mitosis Chromosome

CELLS IN ACTION

THE CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE All Cells The cell membrane is also known as the ________________. plasma membrane It is composed of two layers of ____________. phospholipids aqueous environment It is called the _________________ because it is made of these two layers. phospholipid bilayer A phospholipid is a type of ___ composed of: aqueous environment phosphate head fat 1) A __________ “water loving” phosphate head hydrophilic fatty acid tails that faces the aqueous environment. 2) Two ___________ “water-fearing” fatty acid tails hydrophobic which face other fatty acid tails to avoid being near the water.

THE CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE All Cells Besides the phospholipid bilayer, the cell membrane also contains: _______ , ______ and ______ within the bilayer which help it perform specific functions. proteins sterols sugars The proteins act as _________ to let bigger molecules in and out of the cell. channels

THE CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION All Cells The cell membrane has several important functions: 1) It forms a flexible ______ to protect the inside of the cell from the outside environment. barrier 2) It controls the ________ of substances into and out of the cell. transport This is possible because the membrane is ______________ meaning only certain substances are allowed to cross it. semi-permeable Knock, Knock! 3) It plays a role in cell-to-cell _____________. communication 4) Who's there?

THE CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION All Cells The cell membrane has several important functions: 1) It forms a physical ______ to protect the inside of the cell from the outside environment. barrier 2) It controls the ________ of substances into and out of the cell. transport This is possible because the membrane is ______________ meaning only certain substances are allowed to cross it. semi-permeable Cows go. 3) It plays a role in cell-to-cell _____________. communication 4) Cows go who?

THE CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION All Cells The cell membrane has several important functions: 1) It forms a physical ______ to protect the inside of the cell from the outside environment. barrier 2) It controls the ________ of substances into and out of the cell. transport This is possible because the membrane is ______________, meaning only certain substances are able to cross it. semi-permeable NO! Cows go moo! 3) It plays a role in cell-to-cell _____________. communication 4) It is an __________ surface for cell walls, other cells and the intracellular cytoskeleton. attachment *groan*

Cellular Transport How materials enter the cell. There are several types: 1) _________ is the movement of particles from a ______ concentration to a _____ concentration. Crowded  Less Crowded Particles naturally move DOWN a concentration gradient. It does _____ require the use of energy / ATP. Diffusion High Low NOT 2) _________ is a type of diffusion: the diffusion of ________ across a semi-permeable membrane. In a cell, this provides ____________. Osmosis Water Homeostasis

Cellular Transport How materials enter the cell. Moving small particles: Small particles, such as ______________, cross the cell membrane though passageways called _______________. sugars / glucose protein channels 3) ________________ is the movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of ____________. Passive Transport Energy / ATP Passive Active Transport 4) _______________ is a method of transporting particles across a cell membrane that ________ the use of ENERGY / ATP. Energy is needed because particles are moving __________ the concentration gradient: LOW  HIGH requires against Active Is diffusion a type of passive or active transport? Passive Transport

Cellular Transport How materials enter the cell. Moving large particles: 5) Active ____________ is a type of _______ transport. The cell surrounds a large particle; the membrane wraps around it and ________ the particle into a _______. Endocytosis encloses vesicle Endocytosis 6) __________ is also a type of ________ transport that occurs when large particles, such as ________, leave the cell. Exocytosis Active wastes Exocytosis Why are Endocytosis and Exocytosis considered types of active transport? They require the use of Energy / ATP

Photosynthesis How plants make food. ENERGY sunlight Photosynthesis The SUN is the major source of ____________ for life on Earth. Nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of ___________ captured during _________________. sunlight Photosynthesis plant During photosynthesis, ________ cells capture energy in sunlight and use it to make food. Plants are ______________. Autotrophs Organisms that cannot make their own food are _______________. They obtain their energy by eating plants(or other heterotrophs). Heterotrophs What is the exchange of energy from organism to organism called? Food Chain

Photosynthesis Light Energy turns into Chemical Energy. leaves Photosynthesis mostly occurs in _____________. _____________________ in plant cells use pigment called _______________________ to capture energy from the sun. Chloroplasts Chlorophyll Carbon Dioxide __________________ CO2 enters leaves through stomata (small openings), and water H2O enters through the __________. roots chemical chloroplasts A ___________ reaction occurs in the ___________ to produce _________ O2 and _________ C6H12O6 Oxygen Glucose

Cellular Respiration How glucose is turned into energy. energy Most complex organisms (plants & animals) obtain ___________ through ______________________ - by using oxygen O2 to break down glucose C6H12O2 found in food molecules . energy Cellular Respiration Oxygen * Be careful, Cellular Respiration does not mean “breathing.” Breathing supplies the ___________ needed for cellular respiration to occur. oxygen A ___________ reaction occurs in the _______________ of a cell to release a large amount of energy in the form of _______. chemical mitochondria Glucose ATP

Cellular Respiration How glucose is turned into energy. opposite Note: The equation for Cellular Respiration is the __________ of Photosynthesis. glucose H2O Animals breathe in O2 and eat __________. Animals release CO2 and ____ while exhaling. ATP is used for growth, movement, etc. but most energy is used for _______ (maintaining body temperature). Fermentation ________________: provides energy _________ using oxygen. For example, alcoholic fermentation is used in baking and lactic acid fermentation build-up creates ______________ after extreme exercise without getting enough oxygen. without heat sore muscles

The Cell Cycle & Mitosis At this moment, millions of cells in the body are ________ & ________ in a process known as ____________________. The cell cycle is a regular sequence of cell growth & division, which is split into ____ main stages: growing dividing The Cell Cycle 3 Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Metaphase Stage 1: ___________ part of the cell cycle. The cell grows, ___________ (makes a copy) of its DNA, and prepares to divide into 2 cells. Stage 2: The cell’s ________ divides into 2 new nuclei, with one copy of DNA in each of the new __________ cells. Mitosis is split into 4 phases: ___________ - The chromatin (DNA) condenses to form _________________. Each chromosome consists of a pair of sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Interphase ______________ - chromosomes are pulled to the ____________ of the cell by spindle fibers. ______________ - chromatids are pulled ____________ to opposite sides of the cell. ______________ - Two new ________ form. Chromosomes unwind. End of mitosis (division of nucleus). Stage 3: Final Stage in which the __________ divides and the organelles are distributed into each of the two new cells. middle Longest replicates Anaphase apart Mitosis nucleus Telophase nuclei daughter Cytokinesis Prophase cytoplasm chromosomes

How am I supposed to remember all of this? I Prefer Meatloaf At Tennis Camp Prophase Metaphase (middle) Anaphase (apart) Interphase Telophase Cytokinesis Yes, write the sentence in your notebook