Post Test Evaluation Review Semester 2 Post Test Evaluation Review

Selectively Permeable Plasma membrane Lets some molecule in and out of the cell Does not allow others in and out (waste)

Concentration inside/outside cell The solute concentration outside the cell is high Thus water wants to move out to balance the environment.

WITH vs. AGAINST WITH (goes from high to low) Passive Transport No energy Osmosis, Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion Against (goes from low to high) Active Transport Energy is Required Pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis

Facilitated diffusion vs. Active Transport Both use proteins Facilitated diffusion – move WITH the concentration gradient Active Transport – moves AGAINST the concentration gradient

Solutions

Changing an Isotonic solution Lets say we add salt to an isotonic solution It becomes a hypertonic solution Meaning higher concentration outside the cell Water will move out of cell Cell will shrink/shrivel up

Exocytosis Exo – means exiting Exocytosis move LARGE substances out of the cell that cannot get through the plasma membrane Hormones are large

Photosynthesis Converts LIGHT energy to CHEMICAL energy

Converting ATP to ADP – releases energy During Cellular Respiration Step 1 is adding a phosphate (storing energy) Step 2 is subtracting a phosphate (releasing energy)

Metabolic Pathway A – Animals give off CO2 and H2O during Cellular Respiration B – Plants give of H2O, O, glucose during Photosynthesis

Energy The ability to do work!

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Autotrophs – makes their own food Plants Heterotrophs – obtain food from other sources. Animal, worms, mushrooms (they look like plants but they actually absorb nutrients from around them, they do not go through photosynthesis)

Glycolysis Anaerobic – does not need oxygen Breaks down glucose into 3 pyruvate molecules

Energy is produced Energy is being produced in Figure B ATP to ADP

2nd law of Thermodynamics During Photosynthesis HEAT is given off This follows the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Metabolic Processes Anabolic Catabolic Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration (c)

Alternative Pathway CAM Cactus C4 Other plants

Alcohol Fermentation Takes place in yeast and some bacteria

Balanced Equations Photosynthesis

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume What limits cell size? Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

Cancer Cells Unrestricted/Unlimited GROWTH

Binary Fission Two Identical Cells are produced

Healthy/Efficient Cells Are SMALLER Because they do not have to transfer and diffuse materials over a large area. Communication is also easier

Spindle Fibers A is pointing to the spindle fibers The cells is in Metaphase of Mitosis

Mitosis - Interphase Cell carries on metabolism and normal cell functions Cell DNA replicates

Goal of Mitosis A newly formed cell in Mitosis has equal number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Replace damaged cells

Cell Cycle Cell duplicates its DNA during (S) the synthesis phase of the Cell cycle Also called DNA synthesis

Homologous Chromosomes They line up on the equator of the cell during Metaphase 1 Only seen in Meiosis 1 up until anaphase when they get pulled apart.

Allele Is a form of a gene A is one allele a is another allele Together they make up Aa Brown is one allele Blond is another allele Together the Dominant would be seen (brown)

Mitosis vs. Meiosis What is formed? Mitosis – 2 identical body cells with Meiosis – 4 different gametes

Gregor Mendel He tested and hypothesized the offspring of pea plants inherited their traits.

Genotype AA – homozygous Dominant aa – homozygous Recessive Aa - Heterozygous

Simple punnett square In Squirles, brown fur is dominant to silver fur. If a (HO) brown is mated with a silver and 8 offspring are produced how many would be expected to be silver? (HO) brown – BB Silver – bb If you crossed them all would be Bb – Brown So all 8 would be brown!

Haploid vs. Diploid Haploid – half the number of chromosomes Gametes Produced through Meiosis Diploid – normal number of chromosomes 2n Body Cells Produced through Mitosis

Forming a Zygote A – Meiosis B - Fertilizations

Application of Punnett Square In flower, purple(R) is dominant to white(r). A homozygous purple flower is crossed with a white flower. All of the flowers in the F1 generation were kept together as a group for several years. They were allowed to self-pollinate only within their own group. What is the expected phenotype of the F2 flowers? P: RR x rr F1: Rr (so we cross Rr x Rr) F2: 75% purple (RR, Rr, Rr) & 25% white (rr)

Crossing Over Happens during Prophase 1 of Meiosis

Application of punnett square What is the probability that you will get: MMXX, MmXX, MmXx, MMXx – 56.25% MMxx, Mmxx – 18.75% mmXX, mmXx – 18.75% mmxx – 6.25%

When does a cell become haploid during Meiosis? Anaphase 1 When homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

Anaphase 1 vs. Anaphase 2 Anaphase 1 – homologous pairs are separated Anaphase 2 – sister chromatids are separated

Typical human chromosome numer Body cell – 46 chromosome Gamete (egg or sperm cell) – 23 chromosomes

True – breeding Crosses A true-breeding tall pea plant is crossed with a true-breeding short pea plant, and all the offspring are tall. What is the most likely genotype of the offspring assuming a single-gene trait? True – breeding means homozygous P: TT x tt F1: Tt