3 Using Verbs Present Perfect (have or has + past participle) is used when something happened at an indefinite time in the past ex. “My sister has been a Girl Scout for two years.” “Have you read any stories by Sandra Cisneros?”

3 Using Verbs Past Perfect (had+ past participle) is used when something happened in the past before another action occurred ex. “Emily returned the tax notice that she had received.” “If he had taken more time, he would have gotten an A.”

3 Using Verbs Future Perfect (will have + past participle) is used when something will happen in the future before another action occurs in the future. ex. “By the time John gets home, the game will have started.”

4 Using Pronouns Nominative Case (I, he, she, it, we, you, they, who): use when the pronoun is the subject of a verb (even if it comes after the verb or replaces the subject) ex. “The only students who auditioned were he and Carlos.” “This is she.”

4 Using Pronouns Objective Case (me, him, her, it, us, you, them, whom): Use when the pronoun is the direct object, indirect object, or the object of a preposition ex. “Who is that beside her?” “Virgil helped him.”

4 Using Pronouns Possessive Case (my, mine, your, his, hers, its, ours, their): Use the possessive case before a gerund Ex. “I was impressed by her being in the top ten.” “She was happy about his shaving his beard.”

Ex. I see myself playing marimbas 4 Using Pronouns Reflexive pronouns (myself, himself, etc.): Use the reflexive case as when it is both the subject and the object or to add emphasis Ex. I see myself playing marimbas He is going to treat himself to ice cream I myself saw the murder. She caught the killer herself.