Introduction to Linguistics Week 11 November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Linguistics & Interdisciplinary Studies Pragmatics November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Interdisciplinary studies in linguistics Neurolinguistics: Neurolinguistics is the study of the brain and how it functions in the production, preception and acquistion of language. Historical Linguistics: Historical linguistics is the study of language change and the relationships of languages to each other. Anthropological Linguistics: Anthropological linguistics is the study of language and culture and how they interact. Psycholinguistics: Studies language as a process. Psycholinguistics is a relatively new branch of linguistics, an outcome of two-field convergence -- philology and psychology. Pragmatics: Pragmatics studies meaning in context. November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Studies meaning in context PRAGMATICS Studies meaning in context the study of the use of language in communication particularly, the relationships between sentences and contexts and situations in which they are used November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Review… Semantics → things are true by the DEFINITIONS and RULES Pragmatics → things are true by virtue of the REAL WORLD November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Pragmatics includes.. How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world How speakers use and understand speech acts How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Sentences vs. utterances Sentences  do not depend on time+place Utterances  depend on time+place E.g: ‘Aku’ by Chairil Anwar (1945) Aku bila sudah tiba waktuku Tak Seorangpun yang merayu Tidak juga kamu …………………. November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Utterances Utterances have two menings: Propositional meaning (locutionary meaning) the basic literal meaning of the utterance which is conveyed by a particular words and structures which the utterance contains Illocutionary meaning ( illocutionary force) the effect of the utterance or written text has on the reader or listener November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Speech Acts An utterance as a functional unit in communiction (Austin) Locutionary act  the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood Illocutionary act using a sentence to perform a function Perlocutionary act  the effects that are produced by means of saying something November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

“Can you close the door?” Speech acts e.g: “Can you close the door?” Locutionary act :.. Illocutionary act :.. Perlocutioary act:.. Perlocutionary act  verbal and nonverbal November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

The Cooperative Principle of Grice Maxim of Quantity Maxim of Quality Maxim of Relation Maxim of Manner November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Maxims of quantity Give the right amount of information Make your information as informative as is required Do not make your contribution more informative than is required E.g: A: Are you Susan? B: Yes, I’m Susana Widyastuti. I live in Jogja and I like cooking. I am a lecturer anyway. ……. November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Maxim of quality Try to make your contribution one that is true Do not say what you believe to be false Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence E.g: A: You are Susan, aren’t you? B: No, I am not, sorry November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Maxim of manner Be perspicuous Avoid obscurity of expressions Avoid ambiguity Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity) Be orderly E.g: Javanese conversation?? November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

Maxim of relation Be relevant E.g: A : Do you have some sugar? B : Last year November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007

The hinting strategy and anticipatory illocutions Maxim of Relation The hinting strategy and anticipatory illocutions November 15, 2018 intro2ling/ssn/2007