Lysine at 249 displaces 8-oxoGua from C1’ (arrow)

HUMAN MITOCHONDRDIAL URACIL GLYCOSYLASE (UDG), WITH GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE HYDROLYZED

human alkyladenine glycosylase (AAG) complex with DNA modified by tricyclic base 1,N6-Ade

Holliday junction

Eukaryotic homologues to RecA are characterized in yeast: DMC1 and RAD51 BACTERIAL REPAIR BY RECOMBINATION

Error-prone bypass of highly distorting or non-instructional lesions UmuC/D E. coli UmuC/D (pol V) pol  Error-prone extension of DNA from mispair opposite damage pol-η Error-prone bypass of highly distorting or non-instructional lesions pol-

pol η complexed to cisplatin N7-cross linked GG: 3′ elongation step

pol η complexed to cisplatin N7-cross linked GG: 5′ elongation step

HO--CH(NH2)COOH Tyr HO-CH2-CH(NH2)COOH Ser HO-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)COOH Thr

EGF = epidermal growth factor MEK = mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase ERK = extracellular regulated kinase

active form of Ras, bound to GTP analogue inactive form of Ras, bound to GDP loop 7 loop 2 loop 1 -CH2- replaces –O- effector binding loop 4

WT Ras Gly12Val mutant Ras

Ras WT Ras G12V = Mg = H2O Ras G12P

WT Ras, with Gln 61 highlighted

Role of Gln 61 in GTPase activity of RAS

KINASE ACTIVITY OF V599E B-Raf BAY 43-9006 P-loop P-loop Phe467 Phe467 Glu599 Val599 (kinase domain – green) WT B-Raf V599E B-Raf