Ch. 9.3 The Federalists in Charge Essential Question How did political parties develop in the United States, and what problems did President Adams face with France?

Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans Federalists Democratic Republicans

VOCABULARY Foreign policy – our nation’s relations with the governments of other countries Political party – a group of people who try to promote their party’s ideas, influence government, and back candidates for political office XYZ Affair – 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats Alien & Sedition Acts -1798 series of four laws to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States States’ Rights – a theory that said states had the right to judge when the federal government passed an unconstitutional law

Focus Questions What did George Washington warn the nation about in his farewell address? What are the differences between the Federalists and Democratic Republicans? Name the important people on each side. (See T-Chart) Explain how John Adams became president and Thomas Jefferson, his chief rival became vice president. Why were relations between France and the U.S. tense when Washington left office?

Focus Questions What was the XYZ Affair about? How did Congress react? Why were the Alien & Sedition Acts passed? Who did they target? How did Thomas Jefferson and James Madison respond to the Alien & Sedition Acts? How did President Adams make peace with France?

Washington Retires During Washington’s second term of office, he received criticism for his neutral stand on the French Revolution. In his farewell address, he warned: Personal attacks due to political disagreements could weaken the nation American leaders should remain neutral and avoid permanent alliances with foreign nations Agreements with foreign nations might work against United States interests.

Washington Retires Washington’s advice served as a guide to United States foreign policy – relationships with the governments of other countries

Growth of Political Parties Washington also warned against political parties, but Americans were divided over how the nation should be run. Madison took Jefferson’s place in the debates with Alexander Hamilton Both sides disagreed about how to interpret the Constitution and economic policy

Growth of Political Parties Hamilton /Federalist Party 1. favored the British Government 2. wanted a strong central government. 3. opposed the French Revolution 4. wanted manufacturing, trade, and cities to grow

Growth of Political Parties Jefferson and Madison/Democratic Republicans 1. wanted a weak central government 2. supported the French Revolution 3. wanted a rural nation of planters and farmers These differences on foreign and domestic (at home) policies led to the nation’s first political parties – groups of people who try to promote their ideas and influence the government. They also support candidates for political office.

Growth of Political Parties Democratic Republican Party Founded by Thomas Jefferson & James Madison 1. limited national government 2. fear of rule by one person or a powerful few 3. strict interpretation of the Constitution 4. opposed the national bank 5. economy based on farming 6. supported by farmers and tradespeople

Growth of Political Parties The Federalist Party Founded by Alexander Hamilton & his friends 1. strong central government 2. fear of “mob” rule 3. loose interpretation of the Constitution 4. favored national bank 5. economy based upon manufacturing and shipping 6. supported by lawyers, manufacturers, merchants and clergy (religious leaders)

John Adams Takes Office 1796 – The U.S. holds first election with political parties competing Federalists Party chose John Adams (Washington’s vice-president) as its candidate The Democratic Republicans chose Thomas Jefferson Adams received 71 electoral college votes and Jefferson received 68 votes

John Adams Takes Office The Constitution stated that the runner- up should become vice-president John Adams became the second president and his rival, Thomas Jefferson became vice-president Adams became the first president to govern from the nation’s new capital city, Washington D.C.

Problems with France Relations with France were tense as Britain and France were still at war. The French seized and looted more than 300 U.S. ships to prevent them from trading with the British. President Adams sent three men to Paris to talk with the French minister of foreign affairs.

Problems with France For weeks they were ignored. Finally, 3 French agents referred to as “X” “Y” and “Z” told the Americans that the minister would meet with them if the U.S. would loan France 10 million dollars and pay a $250,000 bribe to the French minister!

Problems with France President Adams received a full report and the U.S. refused to pay the ransom The incident became known as the XYZ Affair – French officials demanding a bribe from U.S. diplomats 1798 – Congress canceled its treaties with France and allowed U.S. ships to seize French vessels Congress set aside money to expand the navy and the army

The Alien and Sedition Acts The conflict with France made the Federalists popular Democratic Republicans were sympathetic to France Democratic Republican newspapers called President Adams “the blasted tyrant of America” Federalists labeled the Democratic Republicans as “democrats, mobcrats and any other kind of rats”

The Alien and Sedition Acts Many immigrants were Democratic Republicans President Adams blamed the Democratic Republican newspapers and new immigrants for their public criticism To silence them, the Federalist Congress passed the Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798 – laws targeting aliens- immigrants who were not yet American citizens.

The Alien and Sedition Acts Alien & Sedition Acts Increased the waiting period to become a U.S. citizen from 5 years to 14 years Gave the president power to arrest disloyal aliens or order them out of the country during wartime Outlawed sedition - saying or writing anything false or harmful about the government Democratic Republicans saw this as violating Constitutional right of freedom of speech and the press

The Alien and Sedition Acts 25 Democratic Republican newspaper editors were charged under this act and 10 were convicted and sent to jail! Vermont congressman, Matthew Lyon was locked up for saying, “The President should be sent to a mad house!” Jefferson & Madison looked for a way to fight the Alien & Sedition Acts They found it in a theory - States’ Rights - States have rights that the federal government cannot violate.

The Alien and Sedition Acts Jefferson and Madison wrote resolutions (statements) Kentucky Resolution – Jefferson - “Nullification” a state could nullify (make invalid) a federal law within a state. Virginia Resolution – Madison – A state can place itself between the federal government and its citizens in order to protect them. Unfortunately, no other states supported the resolutions and within 2 years the Democratic Republicans won control of Congress and repealed the acts!

Peace with France Adams reopened talks with France This time both sides quickly signed the Convention of 1800 - an agreement to stop all naval attacks. Adam’s actions made him enemies among the his own party, the Federalists. He lost the reelection of 1800 to Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States