NTNU activities in Open Source Software; ideas for cooperation? IDI, Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap / Department of Computer and Information Science Reidar Conradi, Sven Ziemer, Thomas Østerlie, Letizia Jaccheri, Claudia A. Martinez, (Alf Steinar Sætre, IØT) NTNU activities in Open Source Software; ideas for cooperation? Telenor-NTNU Contact Meeting 18 Dec 2008 attn/ Paul Skrede et al., Telenor http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/ppt/telenor-oss-18dec08.ppt 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Table of contents IDI and NTNU: who, what, … Software reuse and CBSE The Open Source Software (OSS) phenomenon OSS activites at NTNU Ideas for Telenor activities on OSS Telenor + NTNU = true? 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

1. IDI Department at NTNU IDI: 160 employees, NTNU’s largest, and with 31 nationalities! 46 teachers (faculty), 24 tech./adm., 63 PhD fellows, 23 temporary researchers/teachers, 8 adjunct teachers (IIs). 100 courses, 6000 individual exams per year, 800 full-time students, participating in 10 study programs. 175 master candidates and 15 PhD candidates per year. Annual budget (2008): 67 MNOK from NTNU, 18 MNOK from projects. Important value chain: teachers - postdocs - PhD students - master students - bachelor students. 11 research groups, incl. SE group below. 168 counting ”Frida” publications in 2007. Software engineering (SE) group in 2007: 5 teachers, 4.5 researchers, 15 PhD fellows 47 papers – ¨and 20 written by the researchers Ca. 25 master candidates 5 MNOK in external projects 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Research fields of the SU group (1) Distributed Software Eng. Software and Art; Computer games CBSE: COTS/OSS, Evolution, SCM Reliability, safety Co-operative work SPI, learning organisations, SE education quality Mobile technology architecture 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Research profile of SE group (2) Empirical research methods (all) Quality, QA, SPI, knowledge management (Conradi, Stålhane) Reliability and safety, testing (Stålhane) Software reuse, component-based development, open source (Conradi, Jaccheri) Cooperation technologies, awareness, ICT & learning (Divitini, Prasolova-Førland) Mobile and ambient technology (Divitini, Wang) Computer games for higher learning (Wang) Software and art (Jaccheri) 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Research projects in SE group (3) 25++ NFR and EU projects over past 20 years, most with industry: INCO, MOWAHS, BUCS, SEVO, WebSys: basic SE (NFR IKT2010) NorskCOSI: inner and open source (ITEA) SPIQ, SPIKE, PROFIT, EVISOFT: empirical SPI in Norwegian software-intensive industry (NFR BiA) MOSS: Computer games (Telenor, NTNU) MOTUS-1, MOTUS-2: ICT & learning (NTNU, Telenor) FABULA: mobile technology and learning (NFR VERDIKT) ArTe: Computer art: dissemination to youth (NFR regional, 2009) ASTRA: awareness (EU FET) TARGET: virtual 3D in learning (EU IP) Travel in Europe (EU, subcontractor) CESAR: safety in transport sector (EU IP, ”Airbus” w/ 53 partners) ++ 3-4 under evaluation by NFR and EU 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

2. Software reuse and CBSE Systematic software reuse (from 1970): making shared code for internal (re)use across projects and departments in an organization. CBSE – Component Based Software Engineering, like hw plugins? Independent of programming language. Cost of reuse: +30-200% to generalize, break-even after 1-2 reuses. Assumes stable architectural and domain knowledge - reusable software is ”discovered”, not ”pre-designed”! Huge benefits: cost, time, quality, standardization of architecture and processes/tools (XML, UML, Java, Eclipse) – a gradual modernization of products with ”best practise” processes. But hard: assumes adjusted company processes and culture; new roles/responsibilities, cost/benefit analyses w/ uniform internal investment rate (?), new cross-dependencies, risks and ad-hoc tradeoffs. 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

3. The OSS phenomenon (1) Since 1995: OSS as a flood wave; enabled by Internet and web. Part of “social computing”, cf. Facebook. Generalized into Creative Commons for global development and sharing of “free” digital artefacts in any domain. 100 000s of free/open source software “components”: Infrastructure (Linux, Apache), libraries (Hibernate), shelfware (Acrobat, OpenOffice, SVN versioning tool) Based on launched (“gone open”) OSS projects, each with a community of developers, co-developers and integrators/users. Many licensing models: GPL: “contagious” openness by using OSS – so-called “copyleft”. BSD: any use is OK, as long as name of originator follows the OSS. eCos v1.1: all local changes to a down-loaded OSS must be reported back to originator, but impractical even via SVN. 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008 8

3. The OSS phenomenon (2) Use of OSS has attracted much attention from industrial and public sectors: e.g., IBM and Sun Microsystems; Skattedirektoratet and Kommunenes Sentralforbund, Bærum kommune. St.meld. 17 (2006/2007) by Government: promoting OSS and open standards, new www.FriProg.no and www.FriNett.no. OSS phenomena is changing the whole paradigm of software development and associated economic patterns and interactions – by cooperative, distributed innovation. To stay competitive and innovative, Norwegian software-intensive companies and public institutions must undergo this economic and cultural revolution: novel Business Models novel Innovation Theories Ex. Often shared/free code w/ surrounding paid service providers – as for Apache, but who is “responsible owner”? 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008 9

OSS Business Models (3) In general, to enter in the OSS field, companies have to manage Intellectual Property (IP) differently and to innovate more: Sale/ divestiture Revenues New revenues Spin-off License Own market revenue Own market revenue Internal and external development costs Internal development costs Cost and time savings from leveraging external development Costs 16.11.2018 [Chesbrough2006] Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008 10

OSS Business Models (4) From COSI ITEA project: 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008 11

Novel Innovation Theories (5) Traditional innovation models are based on the protection of IP, so they are inadequate to capture value from OSS for companies. So, conception of such models must change for societies and companies to reap the full benefits of OSS - from “private investment” to “collectively action”. The guidelines to deal with old vs. new development processes hardly exist. 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008 12

Novel Innovation Theories (6) Several issues need to be addressed: How to succeed in attracting co-developers when “going open”? How can traditional (i.e. paid software development by software companies), coexist and even amplify the benefits for both the “old” and “new” work mode? So rely less on classic OSS idealism, rather refine and commercialize more cooperative work modes. Friprog’s learning ecosystem to systematize the (meta-) services that might be needed (next slide): How to establish such an ecosystem? Roles? How to build competence? How to offer legal or economic advise? How to make decisions about changes in old vs. new systems? How to build and maintain expert communities? How to manage experience bases (avoid the “white elephants”)? And practically: if (most of) the code base is shared and “free”, where are the revenues coming from? [Chesbrough2006] Henry Chesbrough: “OPEN Business Models”, Harvard Business School Press, 2006. [Browning2008] L. D. Browning, A. S. Sætre, K. Stephens and J.-O. Sørnes: ”Information and Communication Technologies in Action: Linking Theory and Narratives of Practice”. New York: Routledge. 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008 13

Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008 14

4. OSS research at NTNU Why is this interesting for you? Experience from industry related research What should we focus on in future research? Experience from education What should students know about OSS? Letizia 16.11.2018 15 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

multi-faceted OS research … political social sciences software engineering learning psychology juridical & Economical (not yet) Letizia focus on company based software engineering, reuse, and COTS (Reidar will present in an historical perspective he will mention Thomas’s work on gentoo ) ITEA COSI project (Øyvind will present) Companies processes Open source survey intersects both with 1) and 2) Open standards (case at ARM, Eskil will present) Education (Letizia will present) Open source and Art (Letizia will present) 16.11.2018 16 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008 16

research activities OTS surveys Open source survey ITEA COSI project Focus on company based software engineering, reuse, and OTS ITEA COSI project Open source survey Open source and Art Case Open standards (ARM) Letizia Education Case Gentoo 16.11.2018 17 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Open Source Software (OSS): origin and now 1650?: free flow of ideas begins in scientific community. 1967-1977: DoD/DARPA’s development of Arpanet / Internet TCP/IP protocols -- open and distributed development, anti-authoritarian “counter culture”. 1978-85: Openness spread through Berkeley’s adaptation of Unix, with built-in Internet protocols and generous BSD licenses with all source provided. 1985: Free / Open software: int’l movements (Stallman). 2000: Social computing and creative commons for knowledge work – standardized formats for “zero-cost” digital information: Wikipedia, the world is ”flat”, ... 2008: 1,5 billion Internet users, 3 billion w/ mobile phones. Reidar 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

OSS issues 200.000 OSS “projects”, each w/ net community lead by original provider, co-developers, code integrators, users, ... Ex. eZ has had 2.3 mill. downloads, over 1000 plugins made by community. Ex. Adobe Acrobat similarly over 500 mill. Downloads. COTS and OSS: many similarities. Over 30 portals with domain-specific COTS/OSS software. New way of making open ICT standards: rough consensus and (two implementations of) running code. Over 50 licensing schemes. Business model: Apache: open and shared source supported by a cooperative foundation (“IBM”); separate payable services. eZ: dual model with free previous version, payable current version plus services and support. Success criteria??: for provider in “going open”, for future co-developers, for code integrators, … Reidar 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

OSS roles OSS (component) provider: Leads a “gone-open” software project, ex. Linus Thorvald & Linux OSS co-developer or participant: assists the provider in more technical work – the OSS “idea” of joint, altruistic work OSS integrator: makes new software system by re-using OSS software/components OSS user: may download “free” (not open) binary software on a private computer, e.g. Acrobat OSS customer: specifies and finances new software, later as OSS? OSS skills: technical, commercial, organizational, creative Reidar 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Software reuse, components, OTS = Off-The-Shelf (COTS, OSS) Software reuse: by code libraries in repositories Develop for reuse: make assets / components Develop with reuse: CBSE using these assets Advantages of CBSE, own or OTS components: Cheaper, earlier & better software Spread novel work practices & software architectures, leading to standardization Re-user communities for experience mgmt/support I.e. software development gets ”modernized” Non-technical obstacles: price/licensing, ROI, (re)negotiate requirements, less “control”, too “radical” Reidar 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

NTNU: CBSE and OTS studies 1990-98: EU projects (e.g. REBOOT) on internal software reuse; hard! 1995-: New global “bazaar” of COTS/OSS, through web 2003-08: Industrial surveys on OTS reuse Norway, Germany, Italia, China Developer panels and follow-up interviews with qualitative data to give insight Research instruments and raw data: “gone open” – please repeat our studies!! Reidar 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

NTNU: Roles in OTS-based reuse From forthcoming paper by Jingyue Li et al., IEEE Software 2008 Reidar 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

NTNU: gained insights on OTS reuse 1a. Ask colleagues to find “right” component; 1b. Otherwise search the net, download 3-6 candidates for evaluation and selection Summary: no formal selection method, selection can be hosted by most lifecycle processes, need component “uncle” for maintenance, “quality“ not a problem Problems: effort estimation, integration, debugging, customer non-participation, licensing, company policies, how to classify components (ontologies) Reidar 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Action Research on Gentoo OSS PhD by Thomas Østerlie Gentoo: OSS release management tool, scripts, 300 co-developers in 40 countries Worked as co-developer for two years; distributed, participative, “in-process” field study Remote debugging: mutual guesswork, as “sense-making”, informal processes Data: diaries, emails, IRC/version logs Reidar 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

research activities OTS surveys Open source survey ITEA COSI project Focus on company based software engineering, reuse, and OTS ITEA COSI project Open source survey Open source and Art Case Open standards (ARM) Letizia Education Case Gentoo 16.11.2018 26 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

ITEA COSI project Industry and academia 2006-2008 Finland, Netherlands (coord.), Norway, Spain, Sweden 2006-2008 Understand and benefit from Open source software and development practices Shared internal development Norwegian COSI ICT Norway eZ Systems, Keymind, Linpro, NTNU Budget about 18 MNOK Sponsored by NFR: 8.5 MNOK totally Øyvind Effective and efficient heterogeneous distributed concurrent development addressing business & process improvement with open and inner source. Agile developments in distributed settings using open and inner source. Trust and understanding of open collaborations involving open source community and software intensive system producers. Understanding & strategic use of the software shift moving from differentiating to commodity software. 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Adoption of OSS in the Software Industry About 70% (50%) are reusing and integrating OTS (OSS) components Into all kinds of products To all kinds of customers Large companies more often than small Consultancy companies more often than software houses 15-20% participate in OSS co-development Means huge, global and dedicated cooperation communities About 5% provide their own OSS products (”going open”) Of these ?? % are attracting other co-developers Øyvind 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Motivations for adoption of OSS Simplify developer’s job High availability of information, components and their source code Simple procurement Membership of community for support and future influence Reusable software assets Increase productivity Increase quality (reliability, ..) Increased focus on architecture and even product line Increase compliance with standards Reduced costs Reduced development effort No license fees Øyvind 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Selection: Identification, Evaluation and choosing of wanted OSS-component(s) Evaluation until something ”good enough” is found Tested further through test integration and prototyping Informal knowledge driven process based on: Previous experience Recommendations Informal searches “Surveillance” of the OSS community Øyvind Previous experience Recommendations Colleagues, friends, customers, competitors Successful implementations Informal searches The Internet, OSS portals, Internal knowledge bases “Surveillance” of the OSS community News letters, Portals, Forums, Mailing lists, Magazines 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

research activities OTS surveys Open source survey ITEA COSI project Focus on company based software engineering, reuse, and OTS ITEA COSI project Open source survey Open source and Art Case Open standards (ARM) Letizia Education Case Gentoo 16.11.2018 31 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Open standards and Cooperation between ARM Norway (ex-Falanx with Reodor Felgen innovation award in 2006) and NTNU (with half a dozen master’s theses since 2002) Describing a master’s project 2007-2008 (single person one year): development of a multi-platform graphics application. Used ARM’s platform for embedded graphics. 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Open standards and ARM Open Vector Graphics (OpenVG) OpenVG is a standard for embedded systems Targets: Map applications, scalable user interfaces, e-book readers, games and SVG viewers Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) Open format for describing vector graphics in XML which provides uniform representation of 2D graphics. SVG Tiny – A mobile profile targeting light weight mobile devices 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Open standards and the application PC platform SVG Tiny application Application size ~20.000 LOC Open Standards SMIL XML11 DOM3 XLINK Other W3C standards... PNG JPEG 16.11.2018 ARM platform Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Results from application development and porting Ease of adoption OpenVG is an open standard, thus royalty-free. Specification and reference implementation publicly available. No project expenses. Performance OpenVG allows for efficient and creative implementations. Efficient SVG Tiny viewer achievable on a regular PC and ARM platform. Conformance OpenVG conformance tests assure correct implementations. Consistent and correct behaviour of application on PC and ARM platform. Portability OpenVG API abstracts and de-couples application from hardware . High degree of application portability. Less effort 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Research activities OTS surveys Open source survey ITEA COSI project Focus on company based software engineering, reuse, and OTS ITEA COSI project Open source survey Open source and Art Case Open standards (ARM) Letizia Education Case Gentoo 16.11.2018 36 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Cases: Art and open source software = SArt Main objective of SArt to propose, and assess, and improve methods, models, and tools for software development in art context Cases (in sourceforge portal) The Open Digital Canvas Project Sonic Onyx Project (mobile phones) The Flyndre Project Letizia 16.11.2018 37 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

SArt: art and open source software Letizia 16.11.2018 38 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

Premiered art competition The Open Wall Open Contest http://mediawiki.idi.ntnu.no/wiki/sart/ Deadline 15th September 2009 The prize award will take place at this year’s festival for art and technology in Trondheim, Trondheim Matchmaking, the 16th - 18th of October. 1st prize 2000 €, 2nd prize 1500 €, 3rd prize 1000 € Letizia 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

5. OSS ideas … for Telenor (1) Map existing use of and interest in OSS? Establish teams/fora/communities for OSS at Telenor? Success criteria and ROI models for GoOpen? Alliances with other business units/companies? How to control or influence (OSS) software, that we have come to depend on – like for most purchased products? New business/innovation models? Cooperate with FriProg and NTNU on OSS ecosystem? Letizia 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

5. OSS ideas for software development at Telenor (2) When new software is built: Make “modular” structure to enable reuse of “middle layers” from elsewhere. Try reuse OSS, COTS, or existing internal components. (Re)negotiate requirements vs. functinality from available components. Make incentives to promote “lean code”? A any new code line will later consume 2X of initial cost, so aim for “negative” productivity! Use incremental or agile lifecycle models, e.g. with 4-week increments. Apply aSVN-like versioning tool for distributed software development. But inevitably “software rot” of legacy code creeps in, as implicit assumptions made at start will increasingly hinder further changes. Letizia 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

5. OSS ideas for software maintenance at Telenor (3) Maintenance: Any change after first release, 2/3 of costs. To extend, perfect, correct – and restructure the given software. Need tools to analyze such legacy code. Time pressure to prefer ”simple” changes, e.g. to copy and paste from existing code, just ameliorating the chaos. Rather generalize existing code into product lines, and/or try to contribute to OSS, for both code and communities. Possible link to Telenor’s EVISOFT activity with Simula on software maintenance, using e.g. complexity/cost analysis (borger.warloi@telenor.com). More?? – all this depends on you at Telenor Letizia 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

6. Further work with NTNU: ideas? (1) Possible cooperation activities Subset of previous slide for Telenor activities Possible work modes Informal by students etc. NTNU Telenor, or Telenor + NTNU Norwegian Research Council Verdikt, BiA Postdocs, industristipendiater, other possibilities EU, ITEA2,…. Letizia 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008

6. NTNU Resources (2) Software engineering group (SU in Norwegian) publications, student reports, and courses http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/ (SU) http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/oss-activities.html (SU on OSS) Wiki on open source research http://research.idi.ntnu.no/oss The ITEA COSI Project (2006-2008) http://www.itea-cosi.org/ NFR-VERDIKT proposal by R. Conradi and A. S. Steinar Sætre: “Open Source Software & Industrial innovation Success factors (OSSIS), 15 Oct. 2008. Revised education plans National research school International master in OSS Letizia 16.11.2018 Telenor-NTNU OSS contact meeting, 18 Dec 2008