Biochemistry Macromolecule Building Block Function Protein Amino Acid Storage, transport, structure Lipid Fatty Acid Energy Storage; Insulation Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Quick Energy Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Transmitting Genetic Info An enzyme is a molecule that speeds up chemical reactions that happen in your body. It does this by lowering the activation energy (making it so less energy is needed to start the reaction, meaning it can happen sooner). It can denature (change shape) with high temperature or a change of pH. Denaturing means the enzyme no longer fits with its substrate, and cannot work.

Cells and Microscopes Cell theory says all living organisms are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and new cells come from existing cells. Robert Hooke, looking at cork! 4x x 10x = 100x Total Power Magnification Eyepiece Objective Lens

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic A Prokaryotic cell is a simple cell lacking membrane bound organelles. Example=bacteria Eukaryotic cells are complex, with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Example=plant cell, animal cell, some unicellular organisms Common Traits: Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells Simple Small Size Circular DNA Lack of membrane-bound organelles Double Helix DNA Complex Larger Size Presence of membrane-bound organelles

Animal Cells Animal Cell Nucleus Vacuole Animal Cell Nucleus-controls cell function; vacuole-stores water; mitochondria-produces ATP energy; Ribosome-makes proteins; Membrane-lets things in and out of cell; cytoplasm-jelly substance containing organelles Mitochondria Cell Membrane Ribosome Cytoplasm

Plant Cells Ribosomes Nucleus Plant Cell Most organelles same as animal cell. Additional include: Vacuole (large)-found in both, but much larger in plants to provide support; Cell wall-rigidity and support; chloroplast-performs photosynthesis Vacuole Cell Membrane Mitochondria Cell Wall Chloroplast Cytoplasm

Comparing Eukaryotic Cells Folded membranes provide extra surface area for mitochondria to produce ATP. Muscle cell might have more mitochondria because muscles use more energy. Leaves will have more chloroplasts because it is absorbing sunlight. Cells can be specialized to carry out certain functions. Plant: Chloroplast Vacuole (one large) Cell Wall Both: Nucleus Cell membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes Cytoplasm Animal: Lysosome Vacuole (many small)

Unicellular Organisms Pseudopod Cilia Organisms move in response to chemicals to avoid poison, seek glucose, etc. Phototaxis. Positive=moving toward light. Negative=moving away from light. Because they will bend toward the light! Eyespot Flagella Contractile Vacuole