Chapter 8: Criminal Justice Intro to Security, Instructor Name PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION Intro to Security, Instructor Name Date, Semester

Introduction After selecting an action plan, an individual, group, or organization proceeds with the planned program’s implementation, administration, and evaluation.

The Administrative Process The administrative process involves two or more people working collaboratively to accomplish a predetermined vision. Simultaneously involves planning, organizing, staffing, training, equipping, leading, and evaluating people and processes

Public Versus Private Administration Characteristics of public and private administration differ. In some areas, the distinction between public and private organizations is blurred. However, public administration is typically financed through tax revenues, private through business profits.

Principles of Organization and Management Step 1: Establish an Organizational Structure First major step to plan implementation: organize Depends on complexity within an organization Horizontal differentiation is usually based on activity Vertical differentiation is based on levels of authority

Establish an Organizational Structure Organizations also differentiate by line, staff, function, or project orientations. Fluid and dynamic process of administration is addressed through management. The realities of modern administrative practice are not simple or clear-cut.

Principles of Organization and Management (cont.) Four common elements exist in all administrative processes: Planning (Discussed in Chapter 7) Implementation Ethical leadership Evaluation

Principles of Organization and Management (cont.) Step 2: Attend to Ethical Leadership Ethical leadership is everyone’s responsibility. Ethical leadership is not simply what one does; it relates to who a person is. Ethical leaders motivate, do not control others.

Attend to Ethical Leadership According to Hague (2011), public and private organizations must adopt a new set of ideals: Renewal: Use resources sustainably to maximize efficiencies. Democracy: Allocate resources democratically to foster organizational agility. Peace: Practice economic non-violence in business. Equity: Create industries that make the least well off better off. Meaning: Generate payoffs that tangibly improve quality of life.

Principles of Organization and Management (cont.) Step 3: Staff the Organization Workforce planning How many people are needed? What should they know or be able to do? How trained? Job task (occupational) analysis Job description – general Job specifications – specific duties, skills, qualifications

Staff the Organization Scheduling Training and education Training: job skills Education: general knowledge Teaching and learning strategies Adult learning concepts

Staff the Organization (cont.) Educational Program Development Develop real-world job skills Basic skills: reading, writing, computation, listening, speaking Promote: Critical thinking Problem solving Flexibility Teamwork Leadership Communication

Staff the Organization (cont.) The development of a performance-based education or training program begins with a job/task (occupational) analysis. An instructional goal is the learning outcome expected. An instructional objective describes the skills that demonstrate competence.

Principles of Organization and Management (cont.) Step 4: Acquire and Maintain Equipment, Facilities, and Supplies Equipment – items with a life expectancy of more than one year Facilities – real property (land and buildings) Supplies – general items with a life expectancy of less than one year

Principles of Organization and Management (cont.) Step 5: Establish Policies and Procedures Policies – statements on issues Procedures – specify operational protocol Contract services – contract vendors may be appropriate for some activities and services

Principles of Organization and Management (cont.) Step 6: Evaluation (Assess) Performance Performance measurements Evaluation and control process is exercised continuously throughout the life of the operation. Evaluation has both predictive and after-the-fact aspects. Crime prevention is an example of predictive evaluation. A determination of the cause of a theft is an example of after- the-fact evaluation.

Evaluation (Assess) Performance Tangible standards are expressed in terms of numbers, dollars, physical properties, and time. Intangible standards measure desirable attitude, morale, ethics, cooperation, and the organization’s reputation.

Evaluation (Assess) Performance (cont.) Monetary return on investment (ROI) Value-added contribution (VAC) Measure performance through: Personal observation Reports Automatic recording systems Inspections Tests Surveys

Evaluation (Assess) Performance (cont.) The use of metrics Quality assurance Total quality management (TQM) initiatives Quality assurance initiatives involve continual improvement of the quality of organization’s people, processes, products and environment. Product and process quality improvement Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award criteria provide performance excellence guidelines.