11.6 The War of 1812 pp. 377-381

Objective: Describe the course of the War of 1812 and evaluate its results.

Review: 1. What is the name of the famous house that Thomas Jefferson designed for himself? 2. What did Jefferson refer to his election as and why? 3. In his Inaugural Address, Jefferson said “We are all _________________, we are all ______________.” 4. Define laissez-faire— 5. Who was Jefferson’s Secretary of Treasury? 6. What were John Adams’s last-minute judicial appointments known as? 7. In which case did the Supreme Court claim for the first time that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional? 8. Define judicial review— 9. Define precedent—

Review: 10. Identify the Louisiana Territory— 11. Define cede— 12. To which European nation did Spain cede the Louisiana Territory in 1800? 13. Who was the French dictator during the early 1800s? 14. What city were American diplomats authorized to buy for $2-10 million? 15. Who led a successful slave rebellion in Saint Domingue? 16. What did the rebels rename Saint Domingue? 17. For what two reasons did Napoleon decide to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the U.S.? 18. For how much money did the U.S. purchase the Louisiana Territory? 19. How did the Louisiana Purchase affect the size of the United States? 20. Jefferson justified the Louisiana Purchase through his constitutional power to make _____________.

Review: 21. Who did Jefferson send to explore the Louisiana Purchase? 22. From what city did the expedition set out in the spring of 1804? 23. What Shoshone Indian woman acted as a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition? 24. How many miles did the Lewis and Clark expedition travel? 25. Who explored both the upper Mississippi River and Colorado region? 26. Who killed Alexander Hamilton in a pistol duel?

Review: 27. Pirates from the Barbary Coast attacked American shipping for several years during the early republic. Where is the Barbary Coast? 28. Define blockade— 29. Who led a raid to burn the stranded American ship Philadelphia in order to keep it from falling into enemy hands? 30. Define impressment— 31. The British attack on what American ship in 1807 led to a widespread demand for war? 32. Define embargo— 33. Identify the Embargo Act— 34. Which nation suffered the most from the Embargo Act? 35. Who won the Election of 1808 to become our fourth President?

Review: 36. Who tried to form a confederation of all Native Americans east of the Mississippi River? 37. Define shaman— 38. Who led a successful attack on the Native American confederation at the Battle of Tippecanoe? 39. Define war hawks— 40. List three causes of the War of 1812 (multi-flow map).

A. The War of 1812 Begins (pp. 377-379) The United States was so unprepared for war that it was often forced to rely on privateers, armed ships owned by individuals, to fight the mighty British navy. Attempts to invade Canada, which the U.S. wanted for its own, resulted in embarrassing failures for America.

B. Naval Victories (p. 379) In 1812 the American warship Constitution, nicknamed “Old Ironsides” because of its strong oak hull, won a surprising victory over the British warship Guerriere. A year later, on Lake Erie, Oliver Hazard Perry assembled an American fleet that daringly attacked a number of British warships. Perry triumphantly reported: “We have met the enemy and they are ours!”

C. The British Invasion (pp. 379-380) In late August of 1814, the British attacked Washington DC, burning the Capitol, the White House, and other government buildings. Before fleeing, Dolley Madison, the First Lady, was able to rescue several important historical relics from the White House (including the original Declaration of Independence and a famous portrait of George Washington).

The British torch the White House

The fire-gutted shell of the White House

D. Our National Anthem (p. 380) After burning Washington DC, the British moved on to Baltimore, Maryland, whose harbor was guarded by Fort McHenry. Although the British bombarded it for 25 hours, the fort never surrendered and “our flag was still there.” Witnessing the failed attack was an American lawyer named Francis Scott Key, who was so moved by the American defiance that he penned the words that became our national anthem.

O! say can you see by the dawn’s early light,/What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming: As the sun is rising after a long night of British bombardment of our fort, can you see the flag that was flying last night as the sun set, which, as Americans, we had proudly hailed (saluted) as the light faded and the attack began? Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,/O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?: We could see the flag at the ramparts, or defensive wall, of the fort, flying high during the battle. And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,/Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there: All through the night, the exploding British missiles periodically lit up the flag; every so often we could see that it was still flying, and we had hope that the fort had not surrendered. O! say does that star-spangled banner yet wave,/O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?: Tell me, is the flag still flying, meaning we have not lost the war, and our nation is still free? (Or is the very different flag of Britain flying over Fort McHenry?)

E. New Orleans (p. 380) Late in 1814, the British forces made plans to invade the United States from the south, at New Orleans. Waiting for them behind a barricade of logs and cotton bales were forces led by Andrew Jackson, whose nickname was “Old Hickory.” In the most lopsided victory of the war, Jackson’s forces inflicted over 2,000 British casualties at a cost of fewer than 100 Americans.

F. The War Ends (p. 381) New Englanders opposed to the war convened the Hartford Convention and hinted that they might secede, or leave, the United States. Weeks before the Battle of New Orleans, the Treaty of Ghent signaled the end of hostilities. The war had given the nation a new burst of confidence, as well as new heroes like Andrew Jackson.

Review: 41. Define privateers— 42. Into which neighboring country did the U.S. make an unsuccessful invasion in the early stages of the war? 43. Because of its strong oak hull, the U.S. ship Constitution was known as ________ ______________. 44. Who said “We have met the enemy and they are ours!”? 45. What U.S. city did the British burn in 1814? 46. Who preserved many important papers and a portrait of George Washington from the White House before it was burned? 47. Who wrote the words that became our national anthem after witnessing the British bombardment of Fort McHenry (outside Baltimore)? 48. Who led Americans to victory at the Battle of New Orleans? 49. What meeting of anti-war delegates talked of forming a confederation of New England states? 50. What treaty officially ended the War of 1812?