Pg. 79 Glycolysis

Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis An overview of cellular respiration Figure 9.6 Electrons carried via NADH Glycolsis Glucose Pyruvate ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Oxidative Mitochondrion Cytosol

Key Point #1: Glycolysis: Splitting 0f sugar Location? The cytoplasm of the cell (plants and animal cells)

Energy investment phase Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP 2 ATP 4 ATP used formed Glucose 2 ATP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 2 NAD+ + 4 e- + 4 H + 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Energy investment phase Energy payoff phase 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H + Figure 9.8 Key Point #2: Glycolysis consists of two major phases Energy investment phase Energy payoff phase Key Point #3: Glycolysis begins with glucose

A closer look at the energy investment phase

2 ATP molecules are invested. Need money to make money! Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate H OH HO CH2OH O P CH2O CH2 C CHOH ATP ADP Hexokinase Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Aldolase Isomerase Glycolysis 1 2 3 4 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Figure 9.9 A 2 ATP molecules are invested. Need money to make money!

A closer look at the energy payoff phase

1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 NAD+ NADH 2 + 2 H+ Triose phosphate dehydrogenase P i P C CHOH O CH2 O– 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase CH2OH H 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 H2O Enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate kinase CH3 6 8 7 9 10 Pyruvate Figure 9.8 B 4 ATP molecules are produced. 4- 2(energy investment phase)= 2 ATP left!

Key Point #4: Glycolysis ends with 2 pyruvate molecules

1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 NAD+ NADH 2 + 2 H+ Triose phosphate dehydrogenase P i P C CHOH O CH2 O– 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase CH2OH H 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 H2O Enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate kinase CH3 6 8 7 9 10 Pyruvate Figure 9.8 B

End products Key Point #5: Glycolysis summary: Begin with 1 glucose  end with 2 ATP’s, 2 pyruvates, and 2 NADH’s Next, pyruvates head straight to the mitochondria!

How are the ATP’s made?

Substrate-level phosphorylation Key Point #6: Substrate-level phosphorylation: Enzymes transfer a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP ATP Occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle Figure 9.7 Enzyme ATP ADP Product Substrate P +

Timed ten 12:55-1:05 Class wrap-up: 1:05-1:09