Minerals Mr. Cloud Earth Science.

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Presentation transcript:

Minerals Mr. Cloud Earth Science

What is a Mineral? Solid Distinct elemental composition Characteristic crystal structure

What is a Mineral? Example: Diamond solid elemental composition - carbon crystal structure - network of bonded carbon atoms - every carbon atom is connected to four others by strong atomic bonds.

Diamond crystal

Properties of Minerals Luster Hardness Cleavage/Fracture Color Distinguishing Characteristics (Streak, Smell, Feel)

Luster Appearance of Mineral in Reflected Light Metallic Luster - reflects light as a piece of tin foil or other metal would. Nonmetallic Luster - reflects light as a piece of clay would. (no shine or reflection)

Metallic Luster

Nonmetallic Luster

Hardness Resistance of a mineral to being scratched Hard Med. Soft Mohs Scale: 10 Diamond 9 Corundum 8 Topaz 7 Quartz 6 K Feldspar 5 Apatite 4 Fluorite 3 Calcite 2 Gypsum 1 Talc Practical Scale 6.0 - nail / knife (hard steel) 5.5 - window glass 2.5 - fingernail Hard Med. Soft

Hardness Scratched by Fingernail < 2.5 Scratched by a copper penny <3.5 Scratched by an Iron nail <4.5 Scratches glass plate > 5.5 Example#1: Your unknown sample is not scratched by the iron nail, but cannot scratch glass. Answer: 5.0 (harder than 4.5, but lower than 5.5) Example#2: Your unknown sample is scratched by an iron nail, but not scratched by the penny. Answer: 4.0 (harder than 3.5, lower than 4.5)

Cleavage Tendency to break along preferred planes One direction - splits into flat sheets Two directions - elongate blocks Three directions - cubes or rhombs Four directions - diamond shapes Six directions - “soccer balls”

Fracture Fracture - the absence of cleavage

Cleavage

2 3 1 3 Cubic cleavage (3 directions)

Color The Visual color of a mineral.

Distinguishing Characteristics Streak – the color trail that a mineral leaves when it is scraped against a piece of tile. Color – the visual color of a mineral

Distinguishing Characteristics Smell – the odor that a mineral gives off. Feel – the way a mineral feels when rubbed by the hand

Mineral Composition Minerals are composed of 2 or more elements. There are 87 naturally occurring elements on Earth There are over 4000 different minerals on the Earth

Periodic Table of Elements

Elements and Minerals There are 10 elements that make up 99% of the Earth’s Crust. Oxygen and Silicon make up over 70% of this by mass and over 95% by volume. Minerals that have silicon and oxygen in their composition are called silicates.