Ch. 12 (s.1) World War I Breaks Out

1. Causes of unrest in Europe READ 2 DISCOVER 1. Causes of unrest in Europe Let’s meet the ‘ism’s’ again… Industrialism Imperialism Militarism Nationalism Don’t forget about their adopted son, ‘Entangling Alliances’

1. Militarism Social Darwinist attitude Might makes right READ 2 DISCOVER 1. Militarism Social Darwinist attitude Might makes right War plans “just in case”-advantage to shooting first Build up of armed forces = arms race Glorification of the military Major European leaders believed disputes should be settled on the battlefield

READ 2 DISCOVER 1. Imperialism Imperialist nations already in competition for colonies/resources/markets REMEMBER: GOD, GOLD, GLORY Industrialism: competition to be the world’s greatest economy Point to remember: Germany was locked out of most of the colonies in Africa & the Asia That pissed them off!

1. Nationalism Each Nation wants… Land Independence READ 2 DISCOVER 1. Nationalism Each Nation wants… Land Independence Sovereignty (self-determination) National pride or loyalty (even for a people of a country that doesn’t exist) Example: Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia Herzegovina, but Serbia claimed Bosnia as their own

1. Entangling Alliances Secret Alliances Paranoia, fear, suspicious READ 2 DISCOVER 1. Entangling Alliances Secret Alliances Paranoia, fear, suspicious Allied Powers: (formerly the Triple Entente) France/Russia/England/Italy Central Powers: (formerly the Triple Alliance) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Turkey, Bulgaria “The enemy of my enemy is my friend”

IDENTIFY 1. Franz Ferdinand On 6/28/1914, Austro-Hungarian Archduke (heir to throne) who travelled to Bosnian Capital of Sarajevo to try and gain support from the native Bosnians who were pushing for independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire He was assassinated by Serbian nationalists led by Gavrilo Princip His assassination was the ‘straw that broke the camel’s back’ & due to ‘entangling alliances’, led to WWI

IDENTIFY 2. Gavrilo Princip Serbian nationalist who successfully shot and killed Ferdinand & his wife in their motorcar and then ran down an embankment to a river where he tried to swallow a cyanide pill but was caught b4 he could commit suicide (spilled the beans on his group & Serbian connection) His group (The Black Hand), unsuccessfully tried to throw a grenade into Ferdinand’s motorcar earlier in the day, only to have injured the driver. Ferdinand & his wife stopped by the hospital to visit the injured driver & were killed when they got back into their motor car to continue the parade

The War Begins…The Straw that Broke the Camel’s Back NEW STUFF Chain-reaction Austria-Hungary sends a list of harsh demands it knows Serbia can’t meet (Serbia meets all but one) Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary (Pan- Slavism) Germany declares war on Russia and France England declares war on Germany WWI begins on August 5th, 1914

2. What were the results of early fighting in the war? READ 2 DISCOVER The Allies presented Germany with a big problem… fighting a 2-front war Germany’s strategy called for a massive strike against France to knock it out of the war early, leaving Great Britain stranded on the other side of the English Channel. With France & Britain out of the war, Germany could then turn its attention to fighting Russia on the Eastern Front The Schlieffen Plan called for German forces to avoid the heavily guarded French-German border by invading France through neutral Belgium

3. Why did the war settle into a stalemate? READ 2 DISCOVER On Aug. 3rd & 4th, 1914, the Belgian army put up a tough stand, slowing the German advance & allowing British & French troops to rush to Belgium’s aid The Germans forced the Allies back to the Marne River in Northeastern France The 1st Battle of the Marne lasted through September of 1914 as Germany was pushed back 40 miles (both sides realized that this was not going to be a short war) With both the Central Powers & Allies throwing massive amounts of troops/arms into battle, it soon became clear that this war would turn into a stalemate

3. (Understanding No Man’s Land) Trench Warfare DEFINE As the Germans and Allies (British/French) settled in, a new type of warfare emerged… Trench warfare Armies occupied trenches hundreds of miles long stretching along the French/German border from the English Channel to Switzerland The space between the trenches was known as “No Man’s Land”

2. No Man’s Land Millions wounded/died DEFINE 2. No Man’s Land Millions wounded/died Had to go thru your Barbed wire, land mines, enemy howitzer (artillery) bombardment Enemy barbed wire Enemy machine gun fire

6. Battle of the Somme IDENTIFY The war remained locked in a stalemate throughout 1915 The Germans launched a huge offensive to try and break through the Allied trenches in the Battle of Verdun near the French town of Verdun in February of 1916 21-hour artillery barrage w/ 1 million German troops advancing on 200,000 French troops (this battle lasted for several months w/no winner) 1 million dead/wounded The Allies launched a counter offensive near the Somme River in Northern France 4-month battle that began in July of 1916; no/winner; 1.5 million dead/wounded (20,000 killed in the 1st hour of fighting)

New Weapons Machine guns Tanks Poison gas Submarines Airplanes NEW STUFF New Weapons Machine guns Tanks Poison gas Submarines Airplanes

7. Manfred von Richthofen IDENTIFY With the use of airplanes, aerial combat became a new theater of modern war German Baron & skilled airplane pilot (ace) for the Germans (known as the Red Baron) Reported 80 enemy kills in combat

American ‘ace’ pilot with 26 enemy kills in aerial combat 8. Edward Rickenbacker IDENTIFY American ‘ace’ pilot with 26 enemy kills in aerial combat