THE CONSOLIDATION OF TURKISH RULE B.A -1- HISTORY

ILTUTMISH INTRODUCTION – Early life of Iltutmish- Difficulties of Iltutmish- Politicul and Military Development Under Iltutmish-

GHIYASUDDIN BALBAN INTRODUCTIONS Early Life Of Balban Achivements of Balbanas as Prime Minister Achivements of Balbanas as Sultan * Problums of Balban * Main Achivements * Successors Of Balban

THE KHALJIS INTRODUCTIONS EMERGENCR OF THE KHALJIS JALALUDDIN FEROZE SHAH KHALJI * Problems of Jallaluddin Khilji * Home Policy * Foreign Policy * Murder * Estimate

ALAUDDIN KHALJI INTRODUCTION Problums of Alauddin Khalji Early Achivment Alauddin Khalji

CONQUESTS OF ALAUDDIN KHALJI ADMINISTRATION OF ALAUDDIN KHALJI * Conquests of northern India * Conquests of Deccan ADMINISTRATION OF ALAUDDIN KHALJI * Central Administration * Provincial Administration * Local Administration * Judicial Administration * Police and intelligence * Land Revenue Reforms * Military Administration

REFORMS OF ALAUDDIN KHALJI *Administrative Reforms *Economic Reforms .Fixation of prises .proper arrangement of supply .rationing System .Arrangement of Markets .Merits .Demerits .

CHARACTER OF ALAUDDIN KHALJI * As a Man * As a General * As a Great Conqueror * As a Social Reformer * As an Economist * As a Administrator * A Shrewd Statesman * Patron of Art and Literature

The Tughlaqs Interoduction Early life Character Problems Home Policy .ToConcilliate the nobles .To fill the royal Treasury .Agricultural Reforms .Judicial Reforms .Army Reforms .Religious Policy

Foreign Policy .Conquest of warrangal .Raid on Utkala .Conquest of Bengal . Conquest of Tirhut .The invasion

Experiments of Muhammad Tughlaq .Transfer of capital- CausesNature,result .Enchanced taxation in Doab-CausesNature,result .Interoduction of token currency-CausesNature,result .Improve Agriculture .Conquest of khurasan

Causes of Muhammad tughlaqs Failure .The nature of sultan .Experiment of sultan .Religious policy .Lack of able Councillors .Vastness of the empire .Treachery of foreigners

Feroze Shah TughlaqsProblems Administrative and economic policies Foreign policy Successors

Downfall of the Delhi sultanate .Depotic Rule .Vast Empire .Religious policy .Jagirdari system .Slave system .Invasion of Mongoals .Responsibility of MuhammadTughlaq

The Vijaynagar Kingdom Establishment of The Vijaynagar Kingdom Rulers of Sangama Dynasty Rulers of Saluva Dynasty Tuluva Dynasty Arvidu Dynasty

Polity of Vijaynagar Kingdom .The king .The crown prience .The council of ministers .Provincial administration .Local administration .Financial administration .Judicial administration

Society of Vijaynagar Kingdom .Cast system .Position of Women .Drees and diet .Entertainment

Economic condion .Agriculture .Industries .Trade .condion of people

Art of Vijaynagar Kingdom Religious Condition .Hinduism .Jainism .Islam Art of Vijaynagar Kingdom .Architecture .Sculpture .Painting .

B.A- I Unit – II Chapter – V

Political Condition of India on the Introduction eve of Babur’s invasion Early career of Babur (Founder of Mughal Empire in India) Zahir-Ud-Din Muhammad Babur was born at Andijaan the Capital of Farghana in Cantral Asia on 14th Feb. 1483 AD. Where his father Umar Sheikh Mirza was the ruler. Babur became rule of Farghana after the accidental death of his father. Babur defeated his uncle Ahmed Mirza, ruler of samarkand, when attacked. Babur proved his strength. But later on lost both samankand and Farghana states. Babur realized that he had to tread on a thorny path. He left his homeland. During first phase as a Fugitive (1498-1500 AD). Again tried to captur Farghana and samarkand but failed. Once again in 1502 Babur was defeated by Uzbek chief Shaibami Khan who usurped Farghana and samarkand finally. During second phase on a Fugitive (1502-1509) he led a miserable life with a broken heart. At times, he begged food and walked barefoot, Babur took advantage of a civil was in Kabul and occupied Afghanistan in 1504 and ruled there till 1526. Babur was ambitions to establish a vast empire. Having looked around, he found India an easy target as ruling control Asia was considered an uphill task.

Causes of Babar invasion on India Ambitions for expansion of Kabul empire Weak Political condition of India Indian wealth being great attraction Fear of attacks from Uzbek Invitations from Indian Chiefs for invasion Kabul nearer to India for exqnest and annexation Desire to spread Indian was a natural instinct invoked to capture Bharat

Political Condition to India On the eve of Babur invasion Indian ruler were divided lot, lacked political unity Mutual disputes among small states Lack united Indian leadership States of Northern India Delhi - ruled by Ibrahim Lodhi, had annoyed his state governor and chiefs, lost control on them Punjab - A Province of Delhi Sultanate the rebellion governor Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babur for his help. Gujrat - ruled by Bahadur shah able successful yet ambitions Sind - ruled by Shah Hussain of Argun dynasty, proved a popular mles Kashmir - ruled by Mohd. Shah, incompetent ruler. Bengal – ruled by Nusrat shah a great administrator and conqueror Malwa - ruled by Mahmud Khalji II, incompetent. State power vested with Prime Minister Medni Rao Mewar- ruled by a brave warrior and important Rajput ruler Jaunpur- ruled by Nasie Khan Lodhi, was sival to Ibrahim Lodhi Khandesh – ruled by Mirun Mohd. Internal disturbance in the state Contd…

Two powerful kingdom of south Bahmini Kingdom – was divided and ruled by five dynasties ie. Nizam Shahi over ahmednagar, Adil shahi over Bijapur, Bureed Shahi over Bidar, Imadshahi over Brar Katab Shai over Golcunda. The infghtinh among them continued weakening the kingdom Vijay Nagar – a powerful kingdom was ruled by Krishnan Deva Raya (1509-1529) kingdom was on the path of progress a great soldier and conqueror, was patron of art and literature- well developed

Conquests of Babur Early attacks of Babur First expedition (1519) attacked Bajouer and Bhera in west Punjab. Second Expedition (1519) attacked Peshaswar and returned. Third Expedition (1520) attacked Sialkot to regain Bhera and Bajour Fourth Expedition (1524 A.D.) Occupied Lahore, Dipalpr and Jullandhare. Fifth Expedition (1525 A.D ) Defeated Jats, Gujjars, Gakkhars and Daulat Khan Lodhi.

Battle of Panipat April. 21, 1526 Causes Babur highly ambitions Lack of Political stability in India. Invitation form Indian chiefs Indian wealth Incompetent and weak Delhi Ruler Ibrahim Lodhi. Babur living fanatic Events Indian and Mughal forces met at Panipat on 21st April, 1526. Babur won the battle. Mustafa and ustad Ali, the gunners of Babur played an important role. Babur captured Panipat, Delhi and Agra. Results End of Afghan Rule Foundation of Mughal Dynasty Downfall of Delhi Sultanate Use of Artillery became an important part of Indian Army Development of Indian culture and civilization End of Babur’s bad times War between Mughals and Rajput became inevitable Financial gains for Babur

Causes of the success of Babur Well trained and alert Mughal army Military weaknesses of Lodhi’s army Opposition by Ibrahim’s own relatives Political instability in India Babur being experienced general Artillery wing of Babur Babur’s latest scientific tactics of war Loyalty of Babur’s army No Indian native state helped Ibrahim

Battle of Kanwaha March 16, 1527 Causes Allegations of Babur and Rana Sanga Stable empire possible after dominating Rajputs Rana Sanga was ambitious Rana Sanga’s alliance with Mahmud Lodhi Events Both armies met at kanwaha on March 16, 1527 Battle lasted for ten hours Babur Ultimately won the battle Results Babur became real ruler of India Rajput dignity and honor suffered Rajput states dream shattered Foundation of Mughal empire For Babur, Delhi became Political centre

Battle of Chanderi Jan, 1528 A.D. Medni Rao, a chief of Rama Sanga, gathered 5,000 soldiers in chanderi fort. But fell flat before Mughal artillery on 20th Jan, 1528. Battle of Ghaghra May, 1529 A.D. Babur attacked the Afghan armies of Nusrat Shah and Mahmud Shah. In the battle, Babur finally won and signed a peace treaty with Nusrat Shah of Bengal. Importance of Babur’s Battle India saved from foreign invasions from north west. A strong and vast kingdom established Indian army got equipped with latest war tactics A new theory of kingship developed Development of Act and literature appeared possible India’s relations with foreign countries developed Development of Trade

Conclusion Babur was such a man who left behind him a hack on the pages of History. His inspiring work, heroic feats of arms, his dynamic personality and his literacy contributions shall always be remembered by posterity.