Energy for Survival 8.L.5.1 Summarize how food provides the energy and the molecules required for building materials, growth and survival of all organisms (including plants)

Uses of Energy Why do we need energy?

Cells carry on the many functions needed to sustain life Cells carry on the many functions needed to sustain life. They grow and divide (mitosis or meiosis), thereby producing more cells. This requires that they take in nutrients, which they use to provide energy for the work that cells do and to make the materials that a cell or an organism needs. The way in which all cells function is similar in all living organisms. Within cells many of the basic functions of organisms, such as releasing energy from food and getting rid of waste, are carried out by different cell elements.

Uses of Energy in Living Cells Homeostasis: "same" and "steady," any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival.  Growth & Development Repair Reproduction

Mitosis: the state of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus divides into two new cells

Meiosis: a type of cell division that results in four cells each with half the number of chromosomes

Using Energy In plants and animals, molecules from food: react with oxygen to provide energy that is needed to carry out life functions build and become incorporated into the body structure, or are stored for later use.

How do organisms obtain energy from food? All organisms, including plants, require food for survival

Let’s Review Matter is transferred among organisms in an ecosystem when organisms eat, or are eaten by others for food. 

Almost all food energy comes from sunlight. Energy can change from one form to another in living things. Animals get energy from oxidizing their food, releasing some of its energy as heat.

Chemical energy is transferred from one organism to another in an ecosystem as they eat. The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem. Over a long time, matter is transferred from one organism to another repeatedly and between organisms and their physical environment. As in all material systems, the total amount of matter remains constant, even though its form and location change.

Review The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem. 

As in all material systems, the total amount of matter remains constant, even though its form and location change. Review

Two ways to get food “troph” = food Autotrophs Auto = self Autotrophs make their own food Plants Heterotrophs Hetero = different Heterotrophs get their food from something else (they have to eat it) Animals

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/photosynthesis/ http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/plants/photosynthesis.htm

Photosynthesis Converts the sun’s energy into chemical energy stored in sugar Takes place in specialized structures inside plant cells called chloroplasts Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs sunlight.

Photosynthesis Reaction 6CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 The food plants make is called glucose (sugar)

Photosynthesis 2 different reactions Light Reactions Capture light energy for photosynthesis Calvin Cycle Produces glucose sugar

How do organisms get the energy the plants have harnessed?

Through the process of cellular respiration, cells convert energy (glucose) to a usable form of energy (ATP). The energy stored in ATP provides the means by which cells are able to carry out their functions such as growth, development, and repair of organisms, locomotion and transportation of molecules across cell membranes. https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/cellularrespiration/

Cellular Respiration Is the process cells use to convert energy (glucose) in to a usable form of energy (ATP) Oxygen to release energy stored in sugars - ATP Carbon dioxide and water are waste products of cellular respiration. CO2 must be removed from the cells. Takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/cellularrespiration/

Cellular Respiration Happens in both plant and animal cells Overall Reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Step-by-Step Digestion breaks down foods into smaller substances, but that these substances are not the right form to be used, so they must go through cellular respiration.

When an animal eats food, the food and other nutrients must enter each cell in the animal's body so the cells can carry out their functions. How do the food molecules and nutrients enter the cell? a. through the nucleus b. through the plasma membrane c. through the chlorophyll in the cell d. through other specialized cells  Food, Energy and You video from Discovery Ed (20 minutes)

The digestive system breaks carbohydrates down into single sugar molecules Glucose is a small enough molecule to enter the blood stream. Now its known as ‘blood sugar’ and is the universal source of energy.

As blood sugar levels rise, special cells in the pancreas churn out more and more insulin, a hormone that signals cells to absorb blood sugar for energy or storage. As cells sponge up blood sugar, its levels in the bloodstream begin to fall.

That’s when other cells in the pancreas start making glucagon, a hormone that tells the liver to start releasing stored sugar. This interplay of insulin and glucagon ensure that cells throughout the body, and especially in the brain, have a steady supply of blood sugar. liver stomach pancreas

After Digestion Step 1: Glycolysis The energy that cells make and use is called ATP Adenosine triphosphate Step 1: Glycolysis Makes 2 molecules of ATP (energy) Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell

Step 2: Check for Oxygen If oxygen is present, the cell can make more ATP If no oxygen is present, the cell has to recycle the pieces from glycolysis and makes alcohol.

Next, depends on whether or not there is oxygen Aero = oxygen

Step 3 with oxygen: Cellular Respiration Oxygen required = aerobic respiration Reactions occur in the cell’s mitochondria 1. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle) – makes 2 ATP 2. Electron Transport Chain – makes 32-34 ATP

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Step 3 without oxygen: Fermentation Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation) The process in which the cell must recycle the materials from glycolysis. The product is alcohol.

Energy Tally 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s 2 ATP Electron Transport 32 ATP 36 ATP Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for many reasons.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Work together

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Pg. 410, 415, 416

Draw, color & label a diagram

Draw, color & label a diagram

Be sure to remember… Matter moves within individual organisms through a series of chemical reactions in which food is broken down and rearranged to form new molecules. Plants use the energy from light to make sugars (food) from carbon dioxide and water. This process transforms light energy from the sun into stored chemical energy.

Be sure to remember… The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem. Over a long time, matter is transferred from one organism to another repeatedly and between organisms and their physical environment. As in all material systems, the total amount of matter remains constant, even though its form and location change.

8.L.5 Understand the composition of various substances as it relates to their ability to serve as a source of energy and building materials for growth and repair of organisms. 8.L.5.2 Explain the relationship among a healthy diet, exercise, and the general health of the body (emphasis on the relationship between respiration and digestion).

Cellular Respiration: https://www. brainpop ATP & Respiration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ Photosynthesis: https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/photosynthesis/ Photosynthesis: http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/plants/photosynthesis.htm Video Clips Used

Exercise & Cellular Respiration Is there a relationship between exercise and the amount of carbon dioxide you exhale? Let’s Exercise!!!

Exercise & Cellular Respiration   BTB color change time (seconds) Breathing Rate (breaths/minute) Heart Rate (beats/minute) Resting Rate Post 2 Minute Exercise 2. What can you conclude about the effect of exercise on the amount of carbon dioxide that is present in your exhaled breath? Why is this so?   3. What can you conclude about the effect of exercise on breathing rate? On the Heart Rate? Why is this so?

The Bread Maker Challenge: Fermentation in Yeast 4. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration (fermentation)?   Beginning Temperature Observations (bubbles, foam, etc.) Final Temperature Final Dough Height Yeast in Water Yeast in Sugar Water Yeast in _______ Water