The basis for organic chemistry Hydrocarbons The basis for organic chemistry

Organic Compounds Contain C bonded to other elements, commonly H, O, N, S, and halogens Carbon Can form many different compounds due to its hybrid orbitals Has intermediate electonegativity, so its most likely to form molecular compounds (Recall: molecular compounds have diverse properties) Can make single, double, and triple bonds Can form isomers (same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms)

Types of Hydrocarbons Saturated: Contain the maximum number of hydrogens, single bonds between all carbons Unsaturated: Contain 1+ double or triple bonds

Types of Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Carbons are arranged in chains Cyclic: Carbons are arranged in rings Aromatic: Contain a benzene ring

Types of Hydrocarbons

Drawing Hydrocarbons CH3CH2CH2CH3

Hydrocarbon Root Names # of Carbons Root Name 1 meth- 2 eth- 3 prop- 4 but- 5 pent- 6 hex- 7 hept- 8 oct- 9 non- 10 dec-

Naming Alkanes Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain Count the number of C’s in the longest chain Determine the appropriate root Use the numbered C’s to give the branches a position number add “yl” suffix Add the suffix “ane”

Naming Branched Alkanes Important Rules: Start numbering from the end that will give you the lowest number of branches If there is more than one type of branch, name the branches in alphabetical order If there is more than two of the same type of branch, give the branch a position number and prefixes “di”, “tri” “tetra” etc. Put commas between numbers and hyphens between numbers and letters

Examples

Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane, C4H8 Cyclopentane, C5H10 Cyclohexane, C6H12 Cycloheptane, C7H14 Remember, explicit hydrogens are left out

Examples

Practice P. 11-16 #1, 2 Naming Alkanes Worksheet Alkane Challenge Worksheet

Naming Alkenes & Alkynes Count the number of C’s in the longest chain containing the double/triple bond. This is the parent chain, determine the root Number the parent chain so that the double/triple bond has the lowest possible position number Identify the position numbers of branches Same rules as before Write the branches in alphabetical order Write the root, including a prefix that identifies the position of the double/triple bond Add the prefix “cyclo” if its cyclic Add the suffix “ene” or “yne”

Naming Alkenes & Alkynes

Structural Isomers Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements They will have different physical and chemical properties Example: pentane 2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane

Cis-Trans Isomers Cis-trans isomers occur when different groups of atoms are arranged around a double bond Unlike a single C-C bond that can rotate, the double C=C bond is fixed Opposite side Same side cis-1,2-dichloroethene trans-1,2-dichloroethene

Cis-Trans Isomers Examples: cis-3-pentene trans-2-hexene

Naming Aromatics Same rules If benzene is the parent chain “benzene” suffix If benzene is a branch group “phenyl”

Practice P. 16-22 #3-7, 8abc Naming Alkenes/Alkynes Worksheet Isomer Challenge Worksheet Naming Hydrocarbons Worksheet