Immigration to the Americas IB History: Nation Building

Immigrant Immigration is the movement of people from one country or region to another in order to make a new home. Immigrate- Enter Emigrate- Leave

Immigration 1770-1830 Immigration to Canada picks up Following the American revolution, many loyalists left the U.S. to go to Canada. 75,000 loyalists and Germans looking for better farms Immigration to the United States slows Many loyalists did not want to be apart of the newly formed country.

Immigration 1830-1849 Immigration picks up again Primary groups include Germans British Irish Attracted by cheap farmland

Conditions Conditions were generally better in the U.S. than what immigrants were leaving. Irish Potato Famine Fleeing revolutions Rough times and poor living conditions in Europe Arriving many experienced Freedom Land

Nativism Policy of protecting native-born interests. Starts as a political anti-Catholicism movement against mainly Irish.

Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 1807- Same year British Slave Trade Act of 1807 Ban of the international slave trade in the U.S. took effect in 1808 (when Constitution allowed) Existing African immigrants became more of a lucrative commodity as new slaves could not be brought in. Domestic trade increased within the states.

Conditions of Mestizos

Caste System A caste system developed in Latin America Mestizos were generally liberal because they sought for more equality, freedom, and parliaments. Creoles were generally conservative and wanted to protect the Catholic church and upperclasses. Peninsular – a European born in Spain; Creole (Criollo) – a White person with Spanish or European descent born in the Americas; Mestizo – a person of mixed White European and Amerindian ancestry; Pardo – a person of mixed white European, Native American Indian and African Black ancestry; Indio – a person who is a pure native of, or indigenous to, the Americas; Mulato – a person of mixed White European and Black African ancestry; Zambo – a person of mixed Black African and Native American Indian Ancestry; Negro – a person of African descent. Persons of mixed race were collectively referred to as castas.

Liberals and Conservatives Liberals: (Federalists) Conservatives: (Unitarios) Free trade Limited government Personal liberty Slave emancipation Private property Public education Federal system Separation of church and state Centralized government Preservation of wealth and social influence of Church Preservation of privileges of the clergy and army Preservation of the separate Indian “republics” Legal and social restrictions on the castas (Mestizos) Preservation of hierarchical society

Caudillos A few problems in Latin America Caudillos come to power Political instability Social differences (Castes) Centralists/federalist tendencies Federalists preferred a confederation Centralists preferred a strong central government Discipline maintained by Spanish had gone Poverty/inequality of wealth (No significant middle class) Caudillos come to power Charismatic leader who advanced his interests through a combination of military and political skills.

Conditions for Mestizos Creoles are a minority but have most of the power They own land Mexico Benito Juarez Redistributes land Limits power of the church Brings Mestizos & natives into the government Mestizo descent makes up most of Mexico’s population today