Cell Unit Review

IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS AND CELL THEORY

Who saw cork and named the chambers “Cells”? Hint: His name rhymes with “cork”

Hooke Who saw cork and named the chambers “Cells”? Hint: His name rhymes with “cork” Hooke

Who invented the microscope and saw the first living (alive) cells in pond water and called them “wee beasties?” (Hint: “Wee” sounds like beginning of his last name)

Who invented the microscope and saw the first living cells in pond water and called them “wee beasties?” Leeuwenhoek “Lee” sounds like “Wee”

What did Schleiden say? What did Schwann say?

What did Schleiden say? What did Schwann say? Schwann claimed that all animals are made of cells. Think: Schwann sounds like swan Schleiden claimed that all plants are made of cells. Think: Schlidin’ down the vine

Who claimed that all cells must come from existing cells by reproduction? Hint: Cows come from cows Cells come from cells

Who claimed that all cells must come from existing cells by reproduction? Virchow “Vircow” Hint: Cows come from cows Cells come from cells

What did Brown discover?

Know the 3 parts of the Modern Cell Theory

3 parts of the Modern Cell Theory Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things All cells contain specialized structures (organelles) to perform functions necessary for life All organisms are made of one or more cells and come from other cells by reproduction

What is the difference between Abiogenesis and Biogenesis? VS What is the difference between Abiogenesis and Biogenesis?

Needham was the only one to believe in Abiogenesis VS Needham was the only one to believe in Abiogenesis

Who did this red meat experiment and believed in biogenesis? No Growth No Growth

Who did this red meat experiment and believed in biogenesis? Redi For Biogenesis No Growth No Growth

Who did this experiment and believed in abiogenesis? Heated (not boiled) Broth Hint: He needed more information on how to do a good experiment!!!

Who did this experiment and believed in abiogenesis? Needham – Abiogenesis (He needed more information on how to do a good experiment) Heated (not boiled) Broth

Who repeated Needham’s experiment but boiled the broth longer and believed in biogenesis?

Who repeated Needham’s experiment but boiled the broth longer and believed in biogenesis? Spallanzani

Who did this experiment and believed in biogenesis? S-shaped flask

Who did this experiment and believed in biogenesis? Pasteur - Biogenesis S-shaped flask

What is a Prokaryote? Prokaryote ?

Prokaryotes (Bacteria) No Nucleus No Membrane Bound Organelles Cilia Prokaryotes DO have these organelles Cytoplasm Flagella Cell Membrane

What is a Eukaryote? Eukaryote ?

Eukaryotes (Plants & Animals): Nucleus Membrane Bound Organelles (Mitochondria, E.R., Golgi, etc.)

Eukaryotes( Plants, Animals) & Prokaryotes What must ALL CELLS have? Eukaryotes( Plants, Animals) & Prokaryotes Organelles

Eukaryotes( Plants, Animals) & Prokaryotes ALL CELLS Eukaryotes( Plants, Animals) & Prokaryotes 4 Organelles DNA Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Ribosomes

What organelles do PLANT CELLS have that an animal cells not have?

What organelles do PLANT CELLS have that an animal cells not have? Cell Wall Chloroplasts Large Vacuole

Define Cell Membrane

A semi-permeable, phospholipid bilayer with proteins in it that regulates what goes in and out of a cell Cell Membrane

Define Cell Wall

The hard outer covering of the plant cell that provides support and structure for the plant cell Cell Wall

Define Cytoplasm

The jelly-like liquid between the cell membrane and the nucleus that holds the organelles. Cytoplasm

Define Nucleus

NUCLEUS Controls cell’s functions such as protein synthesis; holds the chromosomes and nucleolus; only in Eukaryotes.

Define Nucleolus

The organelle that is inside the nucleus and makes ribosomes. Nucleolus

Define Nuclear Membrane

Nuclear Membrane (Nuclear Envelope) and Nuclear Pores Covers the outside of the nucleus and has pores that allow ribosomes and RNA out Nuclear Membrane (Nuclear Envelope) and Nuclear Pores

Define Chromosome

The genetic material (DNA) “Blueprints” that is inside the nucleus CHROMOSOMES

Define Mitochondria

The powerhouse (makes energy) for the cell and found in Eukaryotes (Plants & Animals) Mitochondria Hint: Think Mighty Mitochondria that produces power

Define Ribosomes Ribosomes on ER

RIBOSOMES Makes proteins for the cell Ribosomes on ER Hint: If you eat Ribs you are getting protein from the meat. RIBOSOMES

Define Chloroplast

Used for photosynthesis in the plant cell; converts light into food for plants. Chloroplasts

What grouping are chloroplasts, leukoplasts, and chromoplasts part of?

What grouping are chloroplasts, leukoplasts, and chromoplasts part of? Plastids

Define Vacuole Plant Cell

A large sac in a plant cell (holds water) and small sac in an animal (used for storage). VACUOLE Plant Cell

Define Lysosome

Digests (breaks down) food and gets rid of unwanted waste Digests (breaks down) food and gets rid of unwanted waste. Animal cells only

Define Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

E.R. is a folded membrane and transports materials throughout the cell. Rough E.R. Process and transports Proteins Smooth E.R. Processes and transports Lipids & Carbs

Define Golgi Bodies (apparatus) Hint: Think of packaging and sending a gold necklace to your friend in another state. Look like stack of pancakes

Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus Packages proteins for transport out of the cell Hint: Think of packaging and sending a gold necklace to your friend in another state. Look like stack of pancakes

What are Cilia? What are Flagella?

Cilia Flagella PROKARYOTES Only!!! Microtubules that are whip-like and used for movement The microtubules covering the cell like hair used for movement Cilia Flagella PROKARYOTES Only!!!

What makes up the cytoskeleton? Define Cytoskeleton What makes up the cytoskeleton?

Cytoskeleton: Supports the cell membrane Made up of microtubules and microfilaments

____ _______ is when cells perform a specific function for an organism.

Cell Specialization is when cells perform a specific function for a multi-celled organism. Muscle Cell Nerve Cell Single celled organisms cannot have cell specialization when they only consist of one cell!

What determines the shape of a cell? Muscle Cells Nerve Cell Blood Cells

What determines the shape of a cell? The cell’s FUNCTION Muscle Cells Nerve Cell Blood Cells

What are the four levels of cell organization starting from the smallest to largest?

What are the four levels of cell organization starting from the cell? make up make up make up

Name the 2 reasons cells cannot be the size of a basketball.

Reasons cells cannot be the size of a basketball… Geometry: Volume increases faster than surface area which makes it hard for membrane to keep up with needs of the cell Practical aspects: Nucleus can’t handle that big of a job.

What 3 things can easily pass right through the cell membrane? Hint: They are very small molecules

What 3 things can easily pass right through the cell membrane? Carbon Dioxide By Diffusion H2O By Osmosis Oxygen By Diffusion

Explain Diffusion

Movement of small molecules (CO₂ , O₂, I₂) From HIGH → LOW concentration and does NOT need a cell membrane but can cross the cell membrane

Define Osmosis (3 part definition)

Osmosis is the movement of (1) Water from (2) High → Low concentration (3) Across a cell membrane

What is located in the cell membrane to selectively allow larger things into and out of the cell?

What is located in the cell membrane to selectively allow larger things into and out of the cell? Protein Channel

Explain Passive Transport (Facilitated Diffusion)

Movement of larger molecules (sugar) from HIGH → LOW concentration that needs a cell membrane, a protein, but NO ENERGY.

Explain Active Transport

Movement of ions (K+, Na+, Cl-) from LOW → HIGH concentration that needs a cell membrane, a protein and energy ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Define Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Endocytosis is when a large food particle is moved into the cell using a cell membrane and energy. ENDO = ENTER EXO = Exit Exocytosis is when a large particle is moved out of the cell using a cell membrane and energy.

What is Bulk Transport? Hint: It’s not this!

Endocytosis and Exocytosis (moving big particles in or out of the cell) is also called… Bulk Transport

When the solute concentration inside and outside of the cell is equal. This is called____?______. Where does water go? What does the cell do? 10% 10% solute outside

Isotonic solution (equal in & out) Water goes both in and out Cell stays the same. 10% H2O 10%

When the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside it is called______. Where does water go? What does the cell do? 10% 20% solute outside

When the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell it is called Hypertonic Solution. Water goes out of cell Cell shrinks 10% H2O 20% solute

When the solute concentration inside the cell is higher than outside the cell it is called a ____________. Where does water go? What does the cell do? 20% 10% solute outside

Water goes into the cell When the solute concentration inside the cell is higher than outside the cell it is called a Hypotonic solution. Water goes into the cell Cell swells 20% H2O 10% solute

What happens to the cell in this situation? Where does water move in this situation? Distilled H20 7 %

VERY Hypotonic Solution What happens to the cell in this situation? Water moves into cell and cell will pop. Distilled H20 0% Solute Water goes in 7% Solute VERY Hypotonic Solution

Be able to identify which organelles belong to Plant, Animal, or Prokaryotic Cells ! Prokaryote Cell Wall Yes No Different type Cell Membrane Nucleus Chromosome (DNA) Cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome Mitochondria Lysosome Chloroplast Vacuole Yes (Large) Yes- (Small) Golgi apparatus Cilia

Understand the diffusion lab that we conducted in class Understand the diffusion lab that we conducted in class. What did the bag represent? What moved into the bag and how do you know? What was the control in this experiment? Why did you need a control? Before: Starch inside= White Liquid Outside = Dark Brown After: Starch inside= Black/Blue Liquid Outside = Light Brown/Yellow

Be able to identify all the organelles in plant and animal cells from various pictures in our notes and test review!!!! Plant Cell Animal Cell

Nuclear membrane w/pores ANIMAL CELL Nuclear membrane w/pores Rough ER Nucleolus Ribosome Nucleus Golgi Bodies Lysosome Smooth ER Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Mitochondria

PLANT CELL Nucleolus Rough ER Nucleus Cytoskeleton Ribosome Mitochondria Golgi Bodies Chloroplast Cell Wall Large Vacuole Cell Membrane