An Overview of Carpenter‘s High-Temperature Alloys Carpenter’s 4500-ton forging press Copyright 2006, CRS Holdings, Inc.

Overview of Carpenter’s High-Temperature Alloys In this presentation: Definitions Uses and applications Classes of alloys Alloying and strengthening Properties Selectaloy® diagrams The information and data presented herein are typical or average values and are not a guarantee of maximum or minimum values. Applications specifically suggested for material described herein are made solely for the purpose of illustration to enable the reader to make his/her own evaluation and are not intended as warranties, either express or implied, of fitness for these or other purposes.

Definition of Carpenter’s High-Temperature Alloys "High" temperature is broadly defined as 500-2200°F. Applications for Carpenter high-temperature alloys are typically 1000-1600°F range. Higher strength at elevated temperatures Resistance to embrittlement (thermal stability) Resistance to oxidation and hot corrosion

Definitions of High-Temperature Alloys Superalloy - an alloy with high mechanical strength and resistance to surface degradation at high temperatures of 1200°F (650°C) or above Strengthening - method by which the hardness, yield and tensile strengths are increased Age-Hardenable - heat-treatable to high strength levels by precipitation of a phase

Major Uses of High-Temp (Pyromet®) alloys: Uses for Carpenter’s High-Temperature Alloys Major Uses of High-Temp (Pyromet®) alloys: Aerospace Gas Turbine Engines Land-Based Power Generation Turbines High-Temperature Fasteners Combustion Engine Exhaust Valves Hot Working Tooling and Dies (Pyrotool® trade name)

Lower-Temperature Applications: Uses for Carpenter’s High-Temperature Alloys Lower-Temperature Applications: Medical Implants (BioDur® alloys) Oil and Gas Well Equipment Cryogenic Applications

Classes of High-Temperature Alloys Base Super 12% Cr Martensitic Stainless Steels Fe Fe-Ni Fe-Ni-Co 20-23% Cr Austenitic Valve Steels Age-Hardenable Superalloys Age-Hardenable, Low-Expansion Superalloys

Classes of High-Temperature Alloys (cont’d) Base Solid-Solution-Strengthened Superalloys Ni Ni-Co Co Age-Hardenable Superalloys Multi-Phase (MP) Superalloys Solid-Solution-Strengthened Superalloys

Alloying Element Effects - High-Temperature Alloys Nickel - (0-75%) Chromium - (11-23%) Molybdenum - and Tungsten (0-15%) stabilizes austenite, forms strengthening phases, improves high-temperature stability and strength forms protective oxide layer for oxidation and corrosion resistance strengthening elements; improve corrosion resistance

Alloying Element Effects - High-Temperature Alloys Cobalt - (0-60%) Aluminum - (0-2%) Carbon/Nitrogen - (0-0.1 or 0.5%) Titanium and - Columbium (0-5%) Additions increase stability of hardening phase; provides improved creep and hot corrosion resistance Forms primary strengthening phase with nickel Form carbides and nitrides with Cr, Mo, Ti, Cb Form stable carbides and primary strengthening phases in Ni alloys - Ni3(Ti,Al,Cb) Other possible minor additions: C, N, B, Zr, Mg, Si, V, Cu

Strengthening of High-Temperature Alloys Martensitic Transformation Carbide and Nitride Precipitation Solid-Solution Strengthening Age Hardening - Ni3(Ti,Al,Cb) Cold-Work Strengthening

What Properties are Important? Tensile Creep and Stress-Rupture Fatigue and Crack Growth Toughness Oxidation and Corrosion Resistance Wear/Erosion Physical (expansion, conductivity) Other properties may be critical depending on the application.

Properties: Elevated Temperature Strength of Superalloys vs. Other Alloys

Properties: Stress-Rupture Strength vs. Cost of Superalloys

Age-Hardenable Superalloy Selectaloy® Diagram (Yield Strength) 720 718 31V Ni-30 TEMPERATURE TENSILE YIELD STRENGTH Wasp/901/ Thermo-Span X-750 80A/A-286 41 909 706 751 Ni-30/ 909/706 Wasp/901 751/X-750 80A A-286 Waspaloy 901 31V/751 901/31V 75°F (24°C) 1500°F (815°C) 1200°F (650°C) 1300°F (705°C) 1400°F (760°C) 1600°F (870°C) Selectaloy and Thermo-Span are registered trademarks of CRS Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Carpenter Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.

Age-Hardenable Superalloy Selectaloy® Diagram (Stress-Rupture Strength) 720 41 Waspaloy/718 706 720 901 31V/751 X-750/80A 41 STRESS-RUPTURE STRENGTH Ni-30 Thermo-Span Wasp 718 706/901 720 31V/751 80A/X-750/Ni-30 909 A-286 41 Waspaloy 720 31V/751 901 80A/Ni-30 41 Waspaloy A-286 720 31V/751 80A 41 Waspaloy 1200°F (650°C) 1300°F (705°C) 1400°F (760°C) 1500°F (815°C) 1600°F (870°C) TEMPERATURE Selectaloy and Thermo-Span are registered trademarks of CRS Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Carpenter Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.

Oil-Field Alloy Selectaloy® Diagram (selector available to Tech Center registered users) Pyromet, Custom Age 625, 15-15HS, 15-15LC and Custom 450 are registered trademarks of CRS Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Carpenter Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.

Medical Alloy Selectaloy® Diagram (selector available to Tech Center registered users) BioDur, CCM Plus, Gall-Tough, Custom 450, Custom 455 and TrimRite are registered trademarks of CRS Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Carpenter Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.

High-Strength Wire Selectaloy® Diagram (selector available to Tech Center registered users) Custom Age 625 and Pyromet are registered trademarks of CRS Holdings, Inc., a subsidiary of Carpenter Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.

Low-Expansion Superalloys

Summary Carpenter's High-Temperature Alloys Alloys with enhanced properties at temperatures above 800-1000°F Major applications have been turbine engine components, automotive valves, and fasteners Can be Fe, Ni or Co-based (or combination) with 12-23% Cr and up to 10 other additions Major alloys are Pyromet® alloys 718, 706, A-286 and Waspaloy

Summary (cont’d) Carpenter's High-Temperature Alloys Major strengthening mechanism is age hardening Nickel-base superalloys offer highest mechanical properties Relative alloying cost of superalloys varies by a factor of 6 or more

Thank you for your interest in Carpenter’s high temperature alloys Thank you for your interest in Carpenter’s high temperature alloys. More information about Carpenter’s products is available on this website including technical datasheets and articles, Products, and Product Literature. To contact Carpenter, call 1-800-654-6543 in the U.S. or refer to the Contact Us page for the location nearest you.