What is organic chemistry? What are carbohydrates? Chemistry of Life What is organic chemistry? What are carbohydrates? What are lipids? What are proteins? What are nucleic acids? Learning Targets: I can Name the four major organic molecules. Explain the following for each of the organic molecules: the chemical elements that make up the molecule the building blocks/structure their functions give some examples

Go to my Living Environment webpage and watch the Biomolecules video- Amoeba sisters  (and for your review you can complete  video recap WS)  

Carbon is the central atom of life. Because carbon contains 4 electrons in its outer shell, it can pair in many ways with many different atoms in an “attempt” to fill its outer shell.

Organic Chemistry ORGANIC means comes from and found in LIVING things Organic compounds must contain both Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Inorganic – Doesn’t contain both C and H Inorganic substances that living things rely on: Water (H2O), Salt (NaCl), Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Practice: Organic or Inorganic??? H2O = ___________ (water) NaCl = ___________ (salt) C6H12O6 = ___________ (sugar/glucose) CH4 = ______________ (methane) CO2 = _____________ (carbon dioxide) O2 = ______________ (oxygen)

Macromolecules Means “Giant molecules” Small things (MONOMERS) join together to make large things (POLYMERS)…this is called Polymerization

Making and Breaking polymers 1. Dehydration synthesis: (condensation) combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water Example: monomer + monomer  polymer + water 2. Hydrolysis (digestion): adding a water molecule to a (polymer) to split it into small monomers polymer + water  monomer + monomer

Monomers, Polymers and Macromolecules Many biological molecules are macromolecules – very large. Biological macromolecules are formed by linking together a set of building blocks (monomers) into long chains (a polymer).

Four Types of Organic Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbs: The Video Clip

Linking Simple Sugars – the First Step to a Polymer monosaccharides a disaccharide A complex carbohydrate is a long-chain polymer made of simple sugars. Larger molecules form by a process called dehydration synthesis.

1. Carbohydrates (SUGARS)- aka “saccharides” a. Elements Present: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 1:2:1 ratio ex. C6H12O6 b. Job (Function) in Living Things: Main source of FOOD ENERGY c. Building Blocks: Called Simple sugars End in –ose ex. glucose Linked together to make complex (BIG) sugars Glucose is a simple sugar Many glucose molecules linked together makes STARCH STARCH is a complex (BIG) sugar

Carbohydrates are Central Players in Energy Production and Storage

Molecular Structure of Carbs 1 Ring = MONOsaccharide BUILDING BLOCKS of complex sugars Ex. Glucose and fructose 2 Rings = Disaccharide Ex. lactose, maltose, and sucrose (table sugar) C6H12O6

3 or more Rings = POLYsaccharide Examples: Chitin: makes up the exoskeleton ie. lobster Glycogen: animal starch stored in the liver and muscles Cellulose: indigestible in humans (FIBER): forms cell wall in plants Starches: used as energy storage Polysaccharide Glucose

Some Familiar and Important Complex Carbohydrates Note the way complex macromolecules are built by linking simple repeating units.

Lipids: The Video Clip

2. Lipids (Fats) a. Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Mostly H and O (H and O not in a 2:1 ratio) b. Functions (Jobs) in Living Things: Stores energy and insulates Parts of cell membrane structure Chemical messengers (hormones)

c. Building Blocks & Identification: 3 Fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule Oily and greasy VERY LONG carbon chain Ex. Butter, oils, waxes, steroids (cholesterol) 3 Fatty Acids Glycerol

Protein: The Video Clip

3. Proteins a. Elements present: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen b. Jobs (Functions) in Living Things: Control rates of reactions (ENZYMES) Help form bones, muscles and other tissues Transports molecules (Hemoglobin in blood) Fights disease (makes antibodies)

Some of the Many Different Functions of Proteins

c. Building blocks: Called Amino Acids (AA) 20 different AA’s that can be linked to form a protein! Amino Acids are linked in any order and in any number to make endless numbers of proteins!

Making a Protein (Dehydration Synthesis) Proteins are also called POLYPEPTIDES. The shape (arrangement of amino acids) of the protein determines it’s function (job) Making a Protein (Dehydration Synthesis) Chain of Amino Acids forming a protein

Amino Acids, Peptide Bonds, Polypeptide = Protein Proteins are linear chains of 20 different building blocks called amino acids. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds – a form of covalent bond.

Proteins are folded structures whose shape (and therefore function) depends on amino acid sequence.

Nucleic Acids: The Video Clip

4. Nucleic Acids Elements present: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus b) Two types of Nucleic Acids: DNA (Deoxy-ribo-Nucleic-Acid) RNA (Ribo-Nucleic-Acid) c) Job (Function) in Living Things: DNA: Stores and transmits GENETIC information found in the chromosomes of the nucleus RNA: directs protein synthesis found in nucleus, ribosomes & cytoplasm

e) Building Blocks Called Nucleotides or Subunits Nucleotides have 3 parts Phosphate Sugar Nitrogen Base (1 of 5) Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Uracil (U)

Each nucleotide is connected across to another nucleotide Each nucleotide is also connected to another above and below This forms the ladder–shaped DNA or RNA molecule

Nucleotides Are the Monomers That Create Polymers of DNA and RNA