Independence Movements

India India had been controlled by the British since Imperialism Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown” India began to fight for independence in the early 1900s The formation of the Indian National Congress was the first step The main independence leader was Mohandas Gandhi

Mohandas Gandhi Used nonviolent techniques Civil disobedience, passive resistance, hunger strikes, marches, and speeches Despite Gandhi's leadership, India struggled for independence

Why did India Struggle? Religious struggles between Muslims, and Hindus Muslims-northern India Hindus-middle India Political differences: Muslim League vs. Hindu Congress Party Gandhi was shot on January 30, 1948 by a Hindu extremist

Hindus Muslims

India Gets Independence Britain was involved in WWII and decided it was time to let go of India On July 16, 1947 the British House of Commons agreed to partition (divide up) India between the Muslims and the Hindus 10 million people had to decide what nation to join

The Partition India-given to the Hindus East and West Pakistan-given to the Muslims Eventually East and West Pakistan are divided West Pakistan: becomes Pakistan East Pakistan: becomes Bangladesh

Democracy in India Led by Jawaharlal Nehru, a close friend of Gandhi 1950: passed a Constitution that tried to stop discrimination based on your caste Ethnic and religious differences held India back from its industrial development

The Republic of India Today Still fighting going on between Muslims and Hindus World’s largest democratic nation Population 1.2 billion people Federal system gives most powers to the states Caste system still exists New economic development has helped to ease financial problems in the country

Revolutions in Africa Most of Africa has been controlled by Europeans since the 1800s After WWII the UN said ALL nations had the right to self-determination (to choose their own fate) After WWII, revolutions began all over Africa, some violent and some peaceful Pride in African culture and heritage Resentment towards imperial rule and economic exploration European nations were focusing on the Cold War

Independence Movements West Africa Mostly peaceful Ghana (Gold Coast) got independence from Britain in 1957 through: Strikes, boycotts Algeria Fought a bloody war with France for independence Main leaders: Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) Finally got independence in 1962 Ghana Algeria -guerilla fighting -Evian Accords—cease fire agreement -one party state

Kenya Violent struggle with Britain 10,000 blacks killed, 100 whites killed Leader-Jomo Kenyatta Becomes President Gets independence in 1963 Jomo Kenyatta Arrested as part of mau mau movement Kenya African National Movement British hoped to give power to “moderate” africans, got jomo instead LOWER BACKGROUND—father died early,

South Africa Controlled by British and Dutch A system of apartheid was put in place Means racial segregation (complete separation of races) Separate schools, neighborhoods South Africans begin to fight for independence in the early 1900s 1912-African National Congress (ANC) was formed in the fight for independence During a strike that turns violent, one of the leaders named Nelson Mandela was arrested in 1969 Apartheid Groups: black, white, colored, and indian Homes, education, bathrooms, beaches segregated, blacks deprived of citizenship, Leader of armed wing of African National Congress Influenced by Gandhi Because of activities, banned from entering USA Arrested in 1962 after being on the run for 17 mos—CIA tip-off Arested on leading workers to strike and leaving country illegally Sentenced to life in prison Spent 27 years there Released in 1990

Apartheid

Fighting and protests continued until the 1990s 1990: Nelson Mandela was released from prison 1994: first election where ALL races can vote Nelson Mandela is elected the first black President of the new Republic of South Africa

Independence Movements in the Middle East After World War I, the League of Nations established mandates Former Ottoman colonies given to Britain and France on a temporary basis Granted independence after WWII Former French Mandates Syria and Lebanon

Former British Mandates Jordan Palestine UN decided to make part of Palestine a home for the Jews Renamed Israel The fight over Israel continues today Palestine (Muslims) vs. Israelis (Jews) Prime Minister of Israel from 1969-1974: Golda Meir Yom Kippur War Israel vs. Egypt, Syria, and other Arab states Sought help from the USA Won in 1973 with USA’s help

Former British Protectorates: Egypt President of Egypt in the 1950s and 60s: Gamal Abdul Nasser Took the Suez Canal back from the British (he nationalized it) Established a strong relationship between Egypt and the Soviet Union Built the Aswan High Dam Has helped Egyptian economy by regulating the floods of the Nile and by making electricity

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Egypt and Great Britain After WWII, Great Britain faced demands for independence for true independence. Between 1945 and 1952 negotiations to grant independence failed. King Farouk of Egypt headed a corrupt government and in 1952 a group of army leaders toppled the king and declared Egypt a republic. Soon, they declared their independence from Great Britain.

Gamal Abdel Nasser became the new leader of Egypt and one of his first acts was to nationalize the Suez Canal . Great Britain, France, and Israel felt threatened by this move because they wanted their ships to have free passage through the canal. They devised a plan that Israel should launch an attack across the canal and into Egypt. The British and French, meanwhile, would pretend to intervene and, then, destroy Egyptian armed forces in the process. The plan almost went into effect but Egypt refused intervention. Both sides sank each other ships until the US threatened to stop giving aid to Britain if the fighting did not stop. They were worried that the Soviet Union would intervene and did not want to start a larger conflict. The Suez crisis, however, was seen as a final defeat for European imperialism because Nasser became the most popular leader in the region and an inspiration to other Middle Eastern nations who wished to be politically free. Later, Iran and Turkey declared their independence from Great Britain and their influence was, largely, gone by this point.