Revolutionary Movements Pages 832-833, 986-988, 990, 1014-1015, 1018-1020 Flags: //www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html //www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html //www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html //www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqoYmx_L-Xs (Nelson Mandela - Mini Biography) Mr. Epps World History Chapters 25, 31 SSWH21

Key Terms Pan-Africanism – the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries Kwame Nkrumah – Ghana’s first prime minister Anti-Apartheid – the movement to end racial segregation in South Africa Pages 986-988 Pan-Africanism, the idea that peoples of African descent have common interests and should be unified. Historically, Pan-Africanism has often taken the shape of a political or cultural movement. There are many varieties of Pan-Africanism. In its narrowest political manifestation, Pan-Africanists envision a unified African nation where all people of the African diaspora can live. (African diaspora refers to the long-term historical process by which people of African descent have been scattered from their ancestral homelands to other parts of the world.) In more-general terms, Pan-Africanism is the sentiment that people of African descent have a great deal in common, a fact that deserves notice and even celebration. (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Africanism)

India Mohandas Gandhi, called India’s “Great Soul” or Mahatma - Believed in non-violence/civil disobedience - Led India’s independence movement (British) - Viewed as religious, Indian and traditional Jawaharial Nehru studied law in Great Britain - Led the Congress Party - Foreign policy = principle of nonalignment - Viewed as secular, Western and modern Each led a separate independence movement Pages 832-833, 1018-1020 Under Nehru, the state took ownership of major industries, utilities and transportation. Private enterprise was allowed at the local level and farming was left in private hands. Industrial production almost tripled between 1950 and 1965. Flag: //www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html

China Tiananmen Square - Chinese, encouraged by Western ideals and culture wanted improved living conditions and freedom, end to corruption; staged massive demonstrations in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square - China’s leader sent troops and tanks into the square to disperse the demonstrators; between 500 and 2,000 people were killed - Democracy remained elusive Pages 1014-1015

Ghana (formerly Gold Coast) Kwame Nkrumah - Led Ghana’s independence movement, 1957 - Ghana became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence - Leader in Pan-Africanism Page 986-988 Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html) Flag: //www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html

South Africa Apartheid, “apartness”, was designed to segregate the races Anti-apartheid movement, led by African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela, defeated opponents in 1993 democratic national elections, the first in South Africa’s history Mandela became South Africa’s first black president; awarded Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 Pages 986-987, 990 Flag: //www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html