History of India

The Jewel in the Crown The British Raj 1600 - India as a source of raw materials and wealth for the British Empire. British East India Company 1858 - India had become a British Colony and fell under direct rule of the British Crown. The British Government in India was called the RAJ. It’s head the Viceroy. Key to understanding the British in India is the idea of imperialism. England felt that the India Subcontinent was their property via conquest. All attempts at self-determination by the indigenous people of India were met with British force. ‘Direct Rule’

India Before Independence Self-Determination– British colony, with a Hindu majority & Muslim minority Montagu –Chelmsford Reforms, 1919 ‘Dyarchy’ – Eleven provinces with two levels of gov’t Indians control health, education and agriculture British control finance, law and order Amritsar Massacre, 1919 British ‘law and order’ in action Some 379 killed by British army; 1200 injured Protests against British Raj “No romance can compare with the story of the handful of Englishmen…who, beginning with as mere traders & merchant settlers, have in barely two centuries built up the majestic structure of an imperial system under which peace, order and good government has been secured for 350,000,000 people” Congress Party – Hindu party Committed to pacifism and to sharing an independent India Muslim League – Muslim party Called for a separate state of Pakistan Government of India Act of 1935 – Gave full control of the eleven provinces to the Indians, while the British would share powers in the central government

Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi http://www.biography.com/people/mahatma-gandhi-9305898#awesm=~oFoi7Mvknq3pBj In the early 1920’s Gandhi, a lawyer, began the ‘non-cooperation movement’ Satyagraha (Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha), loosely translated as "Soul Force,“ "truth force," or "holding on to truth," is a philosophy and practice of nonviolent resistance developed and conceived by Gandhi. Gandhi deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement. Satyagraha theory influenced Nelson Mandela’s struggle in South Africa under apartheid, Martin Luther King, Jr's campaigns during the civil rights movement in the USA, and many other social justice and similar movements. Salt March (1930) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WW3uk95VGes The first act of independence was to break the British monopoly on salt. Gandhi and his followers march to the ocean and make salt. A symbolic act, the event itself had little economic value, but it created a grassroots movement within the Indian people - United we can defy the Raj. Mohandas Gandhi (Hindu)

http://www.biography.com/people/jawaharlal-nehru-9421253#awesm=~oFuOYj0HarGGue Jawaharlal Nehru 1919 – Jawaharlal Nehru joins the Indian National Congress which was fighting for greater autonomy from the British. He was heavily influenced by the organizations leader – Gandhi During the 1920s and 1930s, Nehru is repeatedly imprisoned by the British for civil disobedience. 1928 – Elected leader of the Indian National Congress By the end of World War II, Nehru was recognized as Gandhi's successor. He played a central role in the negotiations over Indian independence. He opposed the Muslim League's insistence on the division of India on the basis of religion. Nehru and Gandhi Key to independence would be in uniting Muslim and Hindu peoples behind the cause – a difficult task http://www.biography.com/people/jawaharlal-nehru-9421253/videos/jawaharlal-nehru-becoming-a-leader-24507459648#awesm=~oFuOYj0HarGGue

National Congress Party vs. Muslim League MUSLIM – HINDU SPLIT National Congress Party vs. Muslim League British realism: 1. Nationalist movement made independence inevitable. 2. Despite Ghandi’s “one nation idealism” two nations would emerge. The question is will the process be peaceful or not. 3. The colony was no longer profitable, thus the British were losing interest. However: the British felt that they could not pull out without an attempt at instilling order to the sub-continent (white man’s burden). The challenge is that the British built only limited infrastructure and the new country will be underdeveloped. Mohammad Ali Jinnah

Elections 1937 Remember - Government of India Act of 1935 India gains control of its provinces however, the Raj still controls the colony. Muslim League, led by Jinnah, works with Nehru and the Congress Party: “…so long as the Hindus and Muslims are not united we shall remain slaves of the foreigner” After the first provincial elections it’s clear that the Hindu’s Congress Party is the leading political party. (6 states to the Muslims 2) Gandhi sees these elections of an affirmation of his “One India” dream. HOWEVER: Muslims fear a Hindu dominated India once the British pull out and begin to push for two nations. 1937 - “Muslims can expect neither justice nor fair play under a Congress Party gov’t” Jinnah

Two Nations are created: Independence Post WWII - Mountbatten Plan, 1947 – Two Nations are created: India (Hindu) led by Nehru and the Congress Party Pakistan (Muslim) led by Jinnah and Muslim League NOTE: the heavily Muslim dominated north east of the continent is made part of Pakistan although it is separated by 1000 miles = E. Pakistan Massacre-Migration As populations move a “frenzy of slaughter” ensues 500,000 die and 12 million move over frontier Hindus to India – Muslims to Pakistan In Delhi and Calcutta where many Hindu’s threaten to slaughter local Muslim population. Gandhi goes on a hunger campaign to stop violence. E. Pakistan would later claim independence from Pakistan (1971)and become Bangladesh Lord Mountbatten

Diplomatic talks ongoing Arunachal Pradesh Disputed by China Border Problems Punjab Partitioned Kashmir Border wars India-Pakistan 1947, ‘65, ‘71, ‘99 India-China 1962 Diplomatic talks ongoing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHsZsMKrDYw Arunachal Pradesh Disputed by China https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjACK71QQ-w 1964 – China A-Bomb 1974 – “Smiling Buddha” Merci, Canada! 1998 – Pakistan A-Bomb

1st Prime Minister of India (1947-64) Advocated Industrialization Nehru 1st Prime Minister of India (1947-64) Advocated Industrialization Promoted “Green Revolution” ¾ of India reside in rural villages make India self-sufficient in food/agriculture production modern science and technology higher yielding varieties of seed (1965) fertilizers and better irrigation Mixed Economy private and public ownership of industry and resources foreign aid and investment were critical Canada (Trudeau) Nuclear power Nonaligned Movement (1956) Yugoslavia Egypt

India Today Overpopulation 1 Billion people and counting….. Economic Development Hindu-Muslim-Sikh Tension Gender Issues Dowry killings http://news.sky.com/story/india-shock-dowry-deaths-increase-revealed-10412698 Caste System Bias Discrimination against ‘outcastes’ Border disputes Separatism Tamil Tigers Sri Lanka Political Assassinations Indira Gandhi , 1984 Rajiv Gandhi, 1991

Pakistan Led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah Prime Minister Ayub Khan Dangerous combination Was not prepared to rule in 1948 Strong Islamic fundamentalism Impoverished India-Pakistan War (1971) Pakistan divides in 1972 W. Pakistan = Pakistan E. Pakistan = Bangladesh Benazir Bhutto 1st Woman Prime Minister, 1988-90; 1993-96 Ousted in 1990 on corruption charges Runs for office again in 2007 – assassinated Nawiz Sharif Ousted three times Struggle between modernizers and fundamentalists History of military coup d’etat….political instability Honour killings War on Terror – US ally? Bin Laden?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4c_rcVkZrzk