World Energy and Security and South East Asia. Jeffrey David McGee Economics 5430

Asian Oil Reserves and Production. Proven Reserves in thousands of millions of barrels. Production in million tonnes. 1995 Reserves 2005 Reserves 2014 Reserves 2015 Reserves % of World Years Left China 16.4 15.6 18.5 1.1% 11.7 yrs Malaysia 5.2 5.3 3.6 .2% 14.2 yrs Vietnam 0.8 3.1 4.4 .3% 33.3 yrs Asia Pacific 39.1 40.8 42.6 2.5% 14 yrs 2005 2010 2014 2015 Change % of total China 181.4 203.0 211.4 214.6 1.5% 4.9% Malaysia 34.6 32.6 29.8 31.9 6.9% .7% Vietnam 19 15.6 18.1 17.4 -3.4% .4% Total Asia Pacific 382.8 407.7 396.6 398.6 .5% 9.1%

Asian Consumption Oil consumption in millions of tonnes. BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2016 2005 2010 2014 2015 Change Total World Share China 328.6 447.9 526.8 559.7 6.3% 12.9% Malaysia 28 29.3 35 36.2 3.3% 4.4% Vietnam 12.2 15.6 18 19.5 8.4% .5% Japan 247.2 202.7 197.3 189.6 -3.9% Total Asia Pacific 1150.6 1300.9 1442.2 1501.4 4.1% 34.7%

Source for image: http://www. resilience Illustrating the divergence of oil consumption and production in Asia-Pacific from 1965-2013

Movement of oil Most of East Asia relies on imports from outside the area. The Middle East exported roughly 675.3 million tonnes of oil to East Asia in 2015. That is compared to 879.6 million tonnes of its total worldwide exports. China and other countries saw a larger then projected increase in importation partly due to production costs at home being higher then the prices for which countries could buy oil on the open market. Sources: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2016 and OilPrice.com: http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Chinas-Oil-Import- Dependency-Deepens.html, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy- General/Growing-Asian-Oil-Demand-Could-Drain-The-Supply-Glut.html

Energy Security and South East Asia Many Countries in Asia are growing more concerned about energy security. In 2011 the ERIA or Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia commissioned a report titled “STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY SECURITY INDEX AND AN ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY SECURITY FOR EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES” http://www.eria.org/RPR-2011-13.pdf It outlined 8 challenges for energy security. The 2 largest of 8 concerns was reliance on Middle Eastern Oil, and self sufficiency.

Concern 1) Self Sufficiency Currently Malaysia and Vietnam have energy self-sufficancy at 132.9% and 127% respectively. This allows for much of its valuable petroleum based energy sources to be exported to countries with greater energy demands such as China and Japan who stand at 93.1% and 18.7% energy self-sufficient respectively. Source Table 2-3 Quantitative Assessment of Energy Security Working Group (2011), ‘Developing an Energy Security Index’ in Koyama, K. (ed.), Study on the Development of an Energy Security Index and an Assessment of Energy Security for East Asian Countries, ERIA Research Project Report 2011-13, Jakarta: ERIA, pp.7-47 As many Asian countries strive for self sufficiacy through alternative energy sources another avenue they turn to is sea exploration and the exploitation of off shore oil reserves.

Little evidence of Oil in contested regions.

Concern 2) Disruption of Middle Eastern supply chain. In 2014 China received 52% of its oil from the Middle East. Source While Japan gets 83% of its oil from the Middle East. Source These large numbers leave China and Japan vulnerable to supply disruption due to war or civil conflict in the Middle East. Much of that oil enters East Asia through the Malacca Straits. And leaves the Middle East through the straits of Hormuz. The narrowness of these straits and the high traffic provides other challenges to the supply chain.

Conclusion East Asia’s rapid growth and increasing reliance on Oil as an energy supplier with little corresponding growth in production has left much of the region unniquily vulnerable to volitility in the global supply of Oil. Parts of the vulnerability of East Asia include not only challenges from within East Asia but also threats from without including natural disasters, human caused accidents, as well as civil and international strife.