Jim Crow & Plessy V. Ferguson “The slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery.” -- W.E.B Du Bois Three People Dancing Around Sun Image: © Images.com/CORBIS Creator Name: Bob Commander

After the Civil War: Blacks make political and civil gains… 13th Amendment - gave 4.3 million slaves their freedom 14th Amendment - African Americans given citizenship 15th Amendment - African American men given right to vote

Most white Southerners resented the new rights of African Americans But… Most white Southerners resented the new rights of African Americans White Southerners chipped away at African Americans rights

African Americans Lost Economic Power 40 Acres & a Mule - After slavery, many African Americans thought they would get this, but didn’t Sharecropping - Instead work on land owned by whites & share profits from crops

A VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEBT

African Americans Lost Political Power Poll Tax - had to pay to vote Literacy Test - Had to read to vote Grandfather Clause - Could get around 1st 2 if your grandfather could vote

Which do you think was a more significant loss, political or economic power?

began as customs (de facto), but ended up as laws (de jure) Jim Crow Laws What is it? Segregation began as customs (de facto), but ended up as laws (de jure) Named after “Jim Crow” song & dance

What parts of society were segregated? Schools, cemeteries, courts, hospitals, mental institutions, orphanages, prisons, & Bibles to swear on in trials Segregated Drinking Fountains

Plessy vs. Ferguson: What? Homer Plessey tried to sit in a whites-only train car How did the Supreme Court Rule? Segregation is ok as long as the facilities are equal “Separate But Equal”

Problem: Example: Whites would never fund black schools equally Separate But Equal is Never Equal Example: Whites would never fund black schools equally Goes against 14th Amendment

Jim Crow Violence: How else did Southern Whites enforce Jim Crow? Ku Klux Klan - secret terrorist society that beat, raped, and murdered African Americans

How else did Southern Whites enforce Jim Crow? Lynching - a mob puts someone to death without a trial Between 1880-1968 nearly 5000 blacks were lynched Why? “incorrect behavior” economic competition between blacks and whites

1882-1930 Border South Deep South Florida/ 212 Tennessee/ 174 Arkansas/ 162 Kentucky/ 118 North Carolina/ 75 Deep South Mississippi/ 462 Georgia/ 423 Louisiana/ 283 Alabama/ 262 South Carolina/ 143

Why were the oppressors not ashamed to be in these pictures?

Jim Crow & Segregation: How did African Americans resist? Spoke out against discrimination Organized boycotts of segregated facilities Tried to improve segregated facilities Segregated School

At the bus station, Durham, North Carolina, 1940.

A rest stop for bus passengers on the way from Louisville, Kentucky to Nashville, Tennessee, with separate entrance for Blacks. 1943.

A sign at bus station, Rome, Georgia. 1943.

A highway sign advertising tourist cabins for Blacks, South Carolina

Drinking fountain on the courthouse lawn, Halifax, North Carolina. 1938.

Movie theater’s "Colored" entrance, Belzoni, Mississippi. 1939.

The Rex theater for colored people, Leland, Mississippi. June 1937.

Restaurant, Lancaster, Ohio. 1938.

Sign above movie theater, Waco, Texas. 1939.

Beale Street, Memphis, Tennessee. 1939.

WW II jumpstarted the Civil Rights movement in the US When did it end? WW II jumpstarted the Civil Rights movement in the US 1954 Brown V. Board of Education declared segregation in schools illegal Man removes segregation sign 1956

Education

Is there ever a time when separate treatment IS equal treatment Is there ever a time when separate treatment IS equal treatment? Consider: 2 students enter a school. One is confined to a wheelchair. 12th graders must pass Algebra in order to graduate. One student has a disability in math.