The Language Of Medicine 9th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

Chapter 2 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

Chapter Goals Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body. Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities. Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen. Locate and name the anatomical divisions of the back.

Chapter Goals (cont’d) Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions, and planes of the body. Identify the meanings for new word elements and use them to understand medical terms.

Chapter 2 Lesson 2.1

Structural Organization of the Body CELLS TISSUES ORGANS SYSTEMS

Structural Organization of the Body Cells—Fundamental units of all living things Major parts of a cell include: chromosomes nucleus cell membrane cytoplasm What is karyotyping and when is it used? (Chromosomes are analyzed to determine if they are normal in number and structure. Obstetricians often recommend an amniocentesis for a pregnant woman.) Have students identify parts of the cell. Answers appear on the following slide. What is cytoplasm? (It includes all material outside the nucleus.) What are mitochondria? (small, sausage-shaped bodies that produce energy by burning food)

Structural Organization of the Body CELL—the fundamental unit of all living things What is karyotyping and when is it used? (Chromosomes are analyzed to determine if they are normal in number and structure. Obstetricians often recommend an amniocentesis for a pregnant woman.) What is cytoplasm? (It includes all material outside the nucleus.) What are mitochondria? (small, sausage-shaped bodies that produce energy by burning food)

Study Section 1 endoplasmic reticulum anabolism genes catabolism cell membrane chromosomes cytoplasm DNA endoplasmic reticulum genes karyotype metabolism mitochondria nucleus

Structural Organization of the Body Cells are specialized to carry out individual functions. Identify the following in the image Epithelial cell Fat cell Nerve cell Muscle cell

Structural Organization of the Body (cont’d) Types of Cells

Structural Organization of the Body (cont’d) Tissues Different tissue types include: Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue Connective Tissue Nerve Tissue What is the term for a scientist who specializes in the study of tissue? (histologist) Which tissue conducts impulses all over the body? (nerve) Examples of what type of tissue include fat and cartilage? (connective) What tissue forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin? (epithelial)

Structural Organization of the Body (cont’d) Organs: Different types of tissue combine to form an organ Systems: Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions What defines a system? (group of organs working together to perform complex functions) Name the system in which these organs are found: thyroid gland and pituitary gland (endocrine) kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder urethra (urinary or excretory) skin, hair, nails, sweat glands (skin and sense organs)

Study Section 2 thyroid gland adipose tissue trachea cartilage ureter epithelial cells histologist larynx pharynx pituitary gland thyroid gland trachea ureter urethra uterus viscera

Body Cavities and Organs Cavity Organ(s) Cranial Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic Spinal Brain Lungs and heart Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas Portions of the small and large intestines, bladder, rectum Nerves of the spinal cord Name the cavity in which these organs are found: nerves of the spinal cord (spinal) stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver (abdominal) brain (cranial) lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes (thoracic) portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra (pelvic)

Body Cavities Label the body cavities in the figure Which cavities are dorsal and which are ventral? (cranial and spinal are dorsal while thoracic, abdominal and pelvic are ventral)

Body Cavities (cont’d) Body cavities are the spaces within the body that contain internal organs (viscera).

QUICK QUIZ: Which body cavity contains the pleural cavity and the mediastinum? cranial pelvic spinal thoracic Correct answer is D: thoracic cavity contains the pleural cavity and the mediastinum.

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) Which body cavity contains the peritoneum? abdominal pelvic spinal thoracic Correct answer is A: the abdominal cavity contains the peritoneum.

Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities

Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities (cont’d)

Study Section 3 pleura abdominal cavity pleural cavity cranial cavity diaphragm dorsal (posterior) mediastinum pleura pleural cavity spinal cavity thoracic cavity ventral (anterior)

Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants Right Hypochondriac region Left Hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right Lumbar region Left Lumbar region Umbilical region Right Inguinal region Left Inguinal region Hypogastric region

Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d) Have students verbally label the regions of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d)

Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Discuss the organs in each quadrant.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Have students identify the quadrants of the adbominopelvic cavity.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (cont’d) Where is the appendix located? In which quadrant does the liver lie?

Chapter 2 Lesson 2.2

Anatomical Divisions of the Back Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal What is cervical? (the neck region) What is thoracic? (the chest region) What is lumbar? (waist or flank region) What is sacral? (Five bones are fused to form the sacrum.) What is coccygeal? (The tailbone is composed of four fused pieces.)

Anatomical Divisions of the Back (cont’d) Fill in the blanks. (1. Cervical; 2. Thoracic; 3. Lumbar; 4. Sacral; 5. Coccygeal or tailbone) What is a disk? (a small pad of cartilage between the vertebrae)

Anatomical Divisions of the Back (cont’d) What is a disk? (a small pad of cartilage between the vertebrae)

QUICK QUIZ: Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the central region near the navel. inguinal umbilical lumbar hypochondriac Correct answer is B: umbilical

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the lower middle below the umbilical region. inguinal epigastric lumbar hypogastric Correct answer is D: hypogastric

Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body Positional and Directional Terms Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) Deep Superficial Proximal Distal Inferior Superior Match the definition to one of these terms: front side of the body (anterior) the back side of the body (posterior) away from the surface (deep) on the surface (superficial) near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure (proximal) far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure (distal) below another structure (inferior) above another structure (superior)

Positional and Directional Terms How could the following conditions be identified? a bruise on the forehead (anterior; superficial) a cramp in the left ovary (lateral; deep) a callus on the ball of the foot (inferior)

Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d) How could the following conditions be identified? a bruise on the forehead (anterior; superficial) a cramp in the left ovary (lateral; deep) a callus on the ball of the foot (inferior)

Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d) Medial Lateral Supine Prone Match the definition to one of these terms: front side of the body (anterior) the back side of the body (posterior) away from the surface (deep) on the surface (superficial) near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure (proximal) far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure (distal) below another structure (inferior) above another structure (superior)

Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body (cont'd) Frontal (coronal) Sagittal (lateral) Transverse (cross-sectional or axial) a plane running across the body parallel to the ground (transverse) a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions (frontal) a lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides (sagittal)

Positional and Directional Terms How could the following conditions be identified? a bruise on the forehead (anterior; superficial) a cramp in the left ovary (lateral; deep) a callus on the ball of the foot (inferior)

Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d) How could the following conditions be identified? a bruise on the forehead (anterior; superficial) a cramp in the left ovary (lateral; deep) a callus on the ball of the foot (inferior)

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes abdomin/o abdomen adip/o fat anter/o front bol/o to cast (throw) Combining Form Meaning Refer to the Combining Forms Section beginning on p. 51 for terms using these combining forms.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) cervic/o neck (of the body or uterus) chondr/o cartilage chrom/o color coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone) Combining Form Meaning Refer to the Combining Forms Section beginning on p. 51 for terms using these combining forms.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) crani/o skull cyt/o cell dist/o far, distant dors/o back portion of the body Combining Form Meaning Refer to the Combining Forms Section beginning on p. 51 for terms using these combining forms.

Combining Forms, Suffixes and Prefixes (cont’d) hist/o tissue ili/o ilium (of the pelvic bone) inguin/o groin kary/o nucleus Combining Form Meaning Refer to the Combining Forms Section beginning on p. 51 for terms using these combining forms.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) later/o side lumb/o lower back medi/o middle nucle/o nucleus Combining Form Meaning Refer to the Combining Forms Section beginning on p. 51 for terms using these combining forms.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) pelv/i pelvis poster/o back, behind proxim/o nearest sacr/o sacrum Combining Form Meaning Refer to the Combining Forms Section beginning on p. 51 for terms using these combining forms.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) sarc/o flesh spin/o spine, backbone thel/o nipple thorac/o chest trache/o trachea, windpipe Combining Form Meaning Refer to p. 54 for terms using these combining forms.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) umbilic/o navel, umbilicus ventr/o belly side of the body vertebro vertebra(e), backbone(s) viscer/o internal organs Combining Form Meaning Refer to p. 55 for terms using these combining forms

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) ana- up cata- down epi- above hypo- below inter- between meta- change Combining Form Meaning Refer to p. 55 for terms using these prefixes.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) -eal pertaining to -iac pertaining to -ior pertaining to -ism process, condition -ose pertaining to, full of -plasm formation -somes bodies -type picture, classification Suffix Meaning

QUICK QUIZ: Which term means process of cutting the skull? thoracotomy craniotomy diskectomy arthroscopy Correct answer is B: craniotomy

Pronunciation Guide Review ā as in āpe ē as in ēven ī as in īce ō as in ōpen ū as in ūnit ă as in ăpple ĕ as in ĕvery ĭ as in ĭnterest ŏ as in pŏt ŭ as in ŭnder Long “a” vs. short “a”: Cranial vs. Abdominal Ask students to provide additional examples from the terms and combining forms that have been discussed in this chapter.

Pronunciation Examples: adipose ĂD-ĭ-pōs caudal KAWD- ăl distal DĬS-tăl trachea TRĀ-kē-ă Write additional terms on the board and have students pronounce them.