Advanced Health

What is it? The biological system by which oxygen is taken into the body and an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

Functions: Main function- gas exchange system for oxygen and carbon dioxide Speech and vocalization Sense of Smell Breathing movements help promote blood and lymph flow

Organs of the Respiratory System Nose (Sinuses) Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Bronchioles Alveoli

Upper vs. Lower Respiratory System Upper Respiratory Lower Respiratory Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs

The Nose (Sinuses) The nose is the primary upper respiratory organ in which air enters into and exits from the body. Cilia and mucus line the nasal cavity and trap bacteria and foreign particles that enter in through the nose. Air that passes through the nasal cavity is humidified and moistened. The nasal septum divides the nose into two narrow nasal cavities: one area is responsible for smell and the other area is responsible for respiration. Within the walls of the nasal cavity there are frontal, nasal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid bones. Cartilage helps form the shape of the nose.

Pharynx (Throat) The pharynx is a tubular structure, positioned behind the oral and nasal cavities, that allows air to pass from the mouth to the lungs. The pharynx contains three parts: The nasopharynx, which connects the upper part of the throat with the nasal cavity The oropharynx, positioned between the top of the epiglottis and the soft palate The laryngopharynx, located below the epiglottis

Larynx (Voice box) From the pharynx, air enters into the larynx, commonly called the voice box. The larynx has two main functions: A passageway for air to enter into the lungs A source of vocalization The larynx is made up of the hyoid bone and cartilage, which helps regulate the flow of air. The epiglottis is a flap-like cartilage structure contained in the larynx that protects the trachea against food aspiration.

Trachea The trachea is the part of the respiratory tract that leads from the larynx and ends lower down in the thoracic cavity where it divides into the two main bronchi (left and right). The primary function of the trachea is to allow air to pass between the larynx and bronchi. It allows the air to be divided and routed into both lungs by terminating into the two main bronchi.

Bronchi The bronchi allow the passage of air to the lungs. The trachea is made of c-shaped ringed cartilage that divides into the right and left bronchus (leading to the right and left lungs). The first branches are the primary bronchi. In each lung, they branch into smaller, or secondary bronchi. The secondary bronchi continue to branch off to form the tertiary bronchi, which are further divided into terminal bronchioles.

Lungs The lungs are spongy, air-filled organs located on both sides of the chest cavity. The right lung is larger than left lung, due to the heart being located slightly to the left. The left lung is made up of two lobes (upper and lower lobe, while right is made up of three lobes (upper, middle, and lower lobes). Pleura, a thin layer of tissue, line the lungs to allow the lungs to expand and contract with ease. Respiration is the primary function of the lungs, which includes the transfer of oxygen found in the atmosphere into the blood stream and the release of carbon dioxide into the air.

Bronchioles and Alveoli in the Lungs Within your lungs, the main airways (bronchi) branch off into smaller and smaller passageways, the smallest of which are called bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs (alveoli). The bronchioles are the passageways by which air passes through the nose or mouth to the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange.

The Diaphragm The diaphragm is the large, dome-shaped muscle under the lungs. It contracts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation.

Respiration Respiration is the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between a living organism and its environment. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing), is the process that moves air into and out of the lungs. This makes possible the exchange of gases between air in the lungs and in the blood, which is also called external respiration. The exchange of gases occurring between the blood and the cells of the body is called internal respiration.

Breathing Breathing requires inhaling and exhaling of air. Oxygen enters the respiratory tract while carbon dioxide leaves it. This process takes place with the help of the diaphragm, which is a muscle. When this muscle relaxes, it pushes the air out of the lungs. On the other hand, when it contracts, it creates sufficient room for the lungs to expand and receive air.

Exchange of Gases in the Lungs 1. Oxygen enters the blood (capillaries) from the lungs via the alveoli. 2. Oxygen is transported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside red blood cells. 3. Oxygen diffuses (scatters evenly in the available space) into cells. 4. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of cells. 5. The carbon dioxide is then returned by the blood to the lungs. 6. The carbon dioxide is then breathed out. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJpur6XUiq4

The Fun Stuff… Up on the roof of the nasal cavity (the space behind your nose) is the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory is a fancy word that has to do with smelling. The olfactory epithelium contains special receptors that are sensitive to odor molecules that travel through the air.

Activity #1- How well do you smell? I need volunteers to have their sense of smell tested. You will each be blindfolded and have the chance to smell an object. You will then record what you think you were smelling. We will repeat the process several times to see how strong your sense of smell is…

Activity #2- Name that Common Illness Information about a common respiratory illness will show on the screen. First hand up will get to guess the illness. Person with the most points at the end wins

Bronchitis Inflammation of all or part of the bronchial tree (the bronchi), through which air passes into the lungs. The most obvious symptoms are a sensation of chest congestion and a mucus-producing cough.

Croup An acute respiratory illness of young children characterized by a harsh cough, hoarseness, and difficult breathing. The illness is caused by infection of the upper airway in the region of the larynx (voice box), with infection sometimes spreading into the lower airway to the trachea (windpipe).

Influenza An acute viral infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract that is marked by fever, chills, and a generalized feeling of weakness and pain in the muscles, together with varying degrees of soreness in the head and abdomen.

Laryngitis An inflammation of the voice box that causes your voice to become raspy or hoarse. Most commonly caused by colds or the flu.

Sinusitis Inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses. Healthy sinuses are filled with air, but when they become blocked and filled with fluid, germs can grow and cause an infection. Conditions that can cause sinus blockage include the common cold, allergic rhinitis (swelling of the lining of the nose), or small growths in the lining of the nose called nasal polyps.

Monday and Tuesday… Practice for Mill Creek. Tuesday is 3rd block’s last day at Mill Creek.