Warm-Up – 2/14 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: A propeller is often referred to as a ______ ____. Why are propeller blades twisted? Define torque. Most United States aircraft engines rotate in what direction? The takeoff roll is corrected by the pilot’s use of _____________.

Questions / Comments

Warm-Up – 2/14 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: A propeller is often referred to as a ______ ____. Why are propeller blades twisted? Define torque. Most United States aircraft engines rotate in what direction? The takeoff roll is corrected by the pilot’s use of _____________.

Basic Propeller Principles The aircraft propeller consists of two or more blades and a central hub to which the blades are attached. Each blade of an aircraft propeller is essentially a rotating wing.

Warm-Up – 2/14 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: A propeller is often referred to as a ______ ____. Why are propeller blades twisted? Define torque. Most United States aircraft engines rotate in what direction? The takeoff roll is corrected by the pilot’s use of _____________.

Basic Propeller Principles Propeller blades are twisted to change the blade angle in proportion to the differences in speed of rotation along the length of the propeller, keeping thrust more nearly equalized along this length.

Warm-Up – 2/14 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: A propeller is often referred to as a ______ ____. Why are propeller blades twisted? Define torque. Most United States aircraft engines rotate in what direction? The takeoff roll is corrected by the pilot’s use of _____________.

Torque and P-Factor “Torque” (the left turning tendency of the airplane) is made up of elements which cause or produce a twisting or rotating motion around at least one of the airplane’s three axes.

Warm-Up – 2/14 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: A propeller is often referred to as a ______ ____. Why are propeller blades twisted? Define torque. Most United States aircraft engines rotate in what direction? The takeoff roll is corrected by the pilot’s use of _____________.

Torque Reaction NOTE: Most United States built aircraft engines rotate the propeller clockwise, as viewed from the pilot’s seat.

Warm-Up – 2/14 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: A propeller is often referred to as a ______ ____. Why are propeller blades twisted? Define torque. Most United States aircraft engines rotate in what direction? The takeoff roll is corrected by the pilot’s use of _____________.

Torque Reaction When the aircraft’s wheels are on the ground during the takeoff roll, an additional turning moment around the vertical axis is induced by torque reaction. The takeoff roll is corrected by the pilot’s use of the rudder or rudder trim.

Questions / Comments

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 14 1914 — An official American nonstop duration and distance record is made when Lt. Townsend Dodd and Sgt. Herbert Marcus fly the United States Signal Corps Burgess H tractor biplane. (S.C. No. 26) 244.8 mi. in 4 hours 43 minutes. Although it established a record for two people in one airplane, it also exceeded the previous single-seat record.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 14 1932 — Ruth Nichols flies her Lockheed “Vega” from Floyd Bennett Field, New York to an altitude of 19,928 feet, a new world record for diesel-engined airplanes.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 14 1934 — S. J. Wittman makes speed record for 100 kms for light airplanes in the fourth category of 137.513 mph at New Orleans, Louisiana.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 14 1934 — Pan American Air Races held at Shushan Airport, New Orleans, Louisiana.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 14 1980 — Japan Air Lines begins commercial operations with the highest-capacity airliner ever put into scheduled service, conducting the inaugural flight of eight Boeing 747SR. The aircraft has seating for 550 passengers, 45 in the upper deck.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 14 1991 — 4th TFW McDonnell Douglas F-15E “Strike Eagle” shoots down Iraqi helicopter using a GBU-10, 2000-lb laser guided bomb during “Desert Storm.”

Questions / Comments

February 2018 Quiz HOLIDAY 29 30 31 1 2 Flight Line Friday 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 29 Chapter 4 Aerodynamics of Flight 30 31 1 Quiz 2 Flight Line Friday 3   4 5 6 7 8 9 QUIZ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 TEST 17 18 19 HOLIDAY 20 Chapter 5 Flight Controls 21 22 23 24 25 26 Chapter 6 Flight Systems 27

1st Quarter Requirements (20 days of Class Meetings – Mar 16) All students will complete the following: Take notes - All in class quizzes and tests Complete Flight Sim. Tutorials (1 – 5 x 3 + 1) Aircraft Fam. and Student Pilot Syllabus Lessons 1 – 7 (Straight & Level Flight through First Solo) Must pass written with 80% Successfully complete 3 times on small sim Successfully complete 1 time on Main sim Complete ERAU Aviation 101 6 quizzes and 2 tests Student will receive zero points for all incomplete work – NO make-up / extra credit

Questions / Comments

Chapter 4 – Aerodynamics of Flight FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify in writing the forces acting on an aircraft in flight. Describe how the forces of flight work and how to control them with the use of power and flight controls essential to flight. Describe in writing how design, weight, load factors, and gravity affect an aircraft during flight maneuvers. EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

Load Factors and Stalling Speeds Any aircraft, within the limits of its structure, may be stalled at any airspeed.

Load Factors and Stalling Speeds The maximum speed at which an aircraft may be stalled safely is now determined for all new designs. This speed is called the “design maneuvering speed” (VA).

Design Maneuvering Speed

Load Factors and Flight Maneuvers The limit load is a force applied to an aircraft that causes a bending of the aircraft structure that does not return to the original shape.

Load Factors and Flight Maneuvers Speeds up to but not exceeding the maneuvering speed allows an aircraft to stall prior to experiencing an increase in load factor that would exceed the limit load of the aircraft.

Load Factors and Flight Maneuvers High speed dives or acrobatics involving speed above the known maneuvering speed should never be practiced in rough or turbulent air.

Load Factors and Flight Maneuvers It is important for the pilot to remember that the maximum “never-exceed” placard dive speeds are determined for smooth air only.

Load Factors and Flight Maneuvers Any airspeed greater than this provides a positive lift capability sufficient to damage the aircraft.

Load Factors and Flight Maneuvers Rough Air All standard certificated aircraft are designed to withstand loads imposed by gusts of considerable intensity. In extremely rough air it is wise to reduce the speed to the design maneuvering speed.

Questions / Comments

1st Quarter Requirements (16 Class Meetings – Oct 14) All students will complete the following: Take notes - All in class quizzes and tests Each day is worth 20pts - (4 day week 25pts) Complete Flight Sim. Tutorials (1 – 5 x3 + 1) Aircraft Fam. and Student Pilot Syllabus Lessons 1 – 7 (Straight & Level Flight through First Solo) Must pass written with 80% Successfully complete 3 times on small sim Successfully complete 1 time on Main sim Complete ERAU Aviation 101 6 quizzes and 2 tests Student will receive zero points for all incomplete work – NO make-up / extra credit

Load Factors and Stalling Speeds When a sufficiently high AOA is imposed, the smooth flow of air over an airfoil breaks up and separates, producing an abrupt change of flight characteristics and a sudden loss of lift, which results in a stall.

Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1 2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson. 3. List 3 things you learned today. 1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson.

Load Factors and Stalling Speeds A study of this effect has revealed that the aircraft’s stalling speed increases in proportion to the square root of the load factor.

Load Factors and Stalling Speeds This means that an aircraft with a normal unaccelerated stalling speed of 50 knots can be stalled at 100 knots by inducing a load factor of 4 Gs

Load Factors and Stalling Speeds Load factors can be judged by the experienced pilot from the feel of seat pressure. Load factors can also be measured by an instrument called an “accelerometer,” but this instrument is not common in general aviation training aircraft.

Load Factors and Flight Maneuvers High Speed Stalls The only way this stall can be induced at an airspeed above normal stalling with an added load factor, which may be accomplished by a severe pull on the elevator control.

Load Factors and Flight Maneuvers The ultimate load is the load factor applied to the aircraft beyond the limit load and at which point the aircraft material experiences structural failure (breakage).

Load Factors and Flight Maneuvers Conversely, any airspeed less than this does not provide positive lift capability sufficient to cause damage from excessive flight loads. The usual term given to this speed is “maneuvering speed.”