Chapter 3 Organic compounds

Organic compounds Organic compound is a compound made from carbon atoms has one or more C atoms. has many H atoms. may also contain O, S, N, and halogens Where do we obtain organic molecules? Two principal ways: isolation from nature synthesis in the laboratory Typical organic compounds have covalent bonds. have low melting points. have low boiling points. are flammable. are soluble in nonpolar solvents. are not soluble in water. Examples foods, flavors and fragment Medicines, toiletries and cosmetics Plastics, films, fibers and resins All other living organisms

Carbon Bonding carbon atoms bond almost exclusively covalently compounds with ionic bonding C are generally inorganic when C bonds, it forms 4 covalent bonds 4 single bonds, 2 double bonds, 1 triple + 1 single, etc. carbon is unique in that it can form limitless chains of C atoms, both straight and branched, and rings of C atoms Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

Carbon Bonding

Classifying Organic Compounds there are two main categories of organic compounds, hydrocarbons and functionalized hydrocarbons hydrocarbons contain only C and H most fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons

Classifying Hydrocarbons

Naming Straight Chain Hydrocarbons consists of a base name to indicate the number of carbons in the chain, with a suffix to indicate the class and position of multiple bonds suffix –ane for alkane, –ene for alkene, –yne for alkyne Base Name No. of C meth- 1 hex- 6 eth- 2 hept- 7 prop- 3 oct- 8 but- 4 non- 9 pent- 5 dec- 10 Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

Functionalized Hydrocarbons functional groups are non-carbon groups that are on the molecule substitute one or more functional groups replacing H’s on the hydrocarbon chain generally, the chemical reactions of the compound are determined by the kinds of functional groups on the molecule

Functional Groups