Already the Day After Tomorrow? Bogi Hansen, Svein Østerhus, Detlef Quadfasel,William Turrell www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 305 13 AUGUST 2004

Annual mean sea surface temperature [SST] The Indonesian Throughflow [ITF] affects the SST of the Pacific & Indian [& beyond?], and therefore influences large scale sea-air fluxes and ENSO and the Australasian Monsoon. Climate models must “get it right” In addition, the ITF affects the properties of the Indonesian seas. ITF Monsoon moisture Warm pool Annual mean sea surface temperature [SST]

Sill depths [meters] in red [Gordon et al 2003]; Seas in Green Sulawesi 1350-m 2800-m Halmahera Maluku 580-m makassar 1940-m Seram 680-m Java Banda Flores 1300-1500-m 300-m Timor Sill depths [meters] in red [Gordon et al 2003]; Seas in Green

X-equator flow= 10, 13 Sv

Schematic of Indonesian Throughflow pathways (red numbers represent previously determined transport in Sv (106 m3/sec); the smaller black numbers refer to the literature source, see: Gordon, 2001). Inserts A-D show positions of INSTANT moorings. Insert A: 2 United States Makassar Strait Inflow moorings (red diamond) within Labani Channel. Insert C: The Netherlands mooring within the main channel of Lifamatola Passage (yellow triangle). Insert B, D: Sunda moorings in Ombai Strait, Lombok Strait, and Timor Passage: United States (red diamonds); France, (purple square); Australia (green circles). The positions of the shallow pressure gauge array (United States, green X).