HYDROLOGY Notes Page 3 ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

The water cycle is also called the cycle. hydrological

Water that is stored in the oceans and lakes can and become a gas. evaporate

As the water rises through the atmosphere, it cools, condenses and becomes clouds

When the water gets heavy enough it can fall to the ground in the form of different types of precipitation

and flow directly into streams, rivers, or lakes. If the lithosphere (ground) is saturated, the water that has fallen can become and flow directly into streams, rivers, or lakes. runoff

If the lithosphere is not saturated, the water will the lithosphere and move into the zone of or the zone of infiltrate aeration saturation

The interface (boundary) between these two zones is called the water table

The roots of plants can reach into the zone of soak up the water, and the water can then re-enter the atmosphere through the process of saturation transpiration

Water Cycle Song

runoff runoff water table impermeable bedrock zone of saturation transpiration condensation precipitation runoff zone of aeration evaporation runoff evaporation water table infiltration zone of saturation impermeable bedrock

Porosity

Total volume of empty space Porosity = Total volume of empty space ÷ total volume of soil What materials would you need to calculate the porosity of a sample of soil? graduated cylinder water

***Particle size alone does not determine porosity***

Which is more porous, a container of: round particles or angular particles tightly packed particles or loosely packed particles c. well-sorted particles or unsorted particles d. large beads or small beads

Capillarity

PERMEABILITY

A, because the particles are largest PERMEABILITY Which column would allow water to flow through fastest? Why? A, because the particles are largest

PERMEABILITY Particle Size

If you join sediment from A and D, PERMEABILITY If you join sediment from A and D, what would happen to the permeability? Why? Decreases because the small particles fill in the spaces

Which is more permeable? PERMEABILITY Which is more permeable? a. small particles or large particles b. frozen ground or unfrozen ground

RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE Which will result in greater runoff and stream discharge? an area that is vegetated or an area that is barren an area that has a steep slope or an area that is flat ground that is frozen or ground that is unfrozen d. ground that is saturated or ground that unsaturated

Weathering Hydrology NOTES PAGE 6 ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

Weathering Physical ( Mechanical ) Abrasion Freeze/Thaw

Chemical Weathering occurs fastest in this type of environment: oxidation hydration Chemical Chemical Weathering occurs fastest in this type of environment: warm, moist

Pebbles Sand Silt Clay Which will weather faster and why? Surface Area and Weathering Which will weather faster and why? Pebbles Sand Silt Clay Why will smaller particles weather faster? smaller particles have larger surface areas because it is the smallest

Hydrology NOTES page 8 Erosion ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

the movement of weathered material EROSION the movement of weathered material

the movement of weathered material EROSION the movement of weathered material

Greatest FORCE Greatest AGENT gravity water

carving out V-shaped valleys? What agent of erosion is responsible for carving out V-shaped valleys? Figure 11.10 A steep mountain stream eroded a V-shaped valley into soft shale in the Canadian Rockies. running water

carving out U-shaped valleys? What agent of erosion is responsible for carving out U-shaped valleys? glaciers

Slope

Erosion rate versus slope Olympic Mountains

Discharge the amount of water

Meandering Streams

Where is erosion greatest? Outside of Curve

Where does the river flow fastest? Center down from surface

Oxbow Lakes

What page can this graph be found in the ESRTS?

What’s the minimum speed water need to be moving in order to transport sand?

In order to move a particle that is 7.0 cm, a stream’s velocity would need to be at least _______ cm/sec.

Wind Erosion desert wind erosion pitted

How sand dunes form