By: Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY Ancient and Classical GREECE By: Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY

Thesis Consider the thesis to be the essence of the paper, it is your essay in one or two sentences Introduce each paragraph with a topic sentence linked to the thesis The thesis MUST address Similarities AND Differences in either the introduction or the conclusion to get full credit The thesis can only be counted as the thesis and not also as a direct comparison You don’t need to write an introduction, so don’t. Leave blank space to come back and write one if you have extra time.

The Geography of Greece Balkan Peninsula Peninsula of peninsulas Mountainous terrain Limited resources Many islands Moderate Climate Geographic significance?

Archaic Greece: 1650 BCE - 700 BCE

Bronze Age Greece

Minoan Civilization The Minoan People The Minoans, powerful seafaring people, live on Crete in Aegean Sea Dominate trade in eastern Mediterranean from 2000 to 1400 B.C.E. Cosmopolitan civilization crossroads of eastern Mediterranean Culture influences others, especially Greeks

Unearthing a Brilliant Civilization Sir Arthur Evans discovers Knossos in 1905 Excavations of Knossos, capital city of Minoan civilization, revealed: Advance urban planning: sewers, running water, … Minoans were peaceful, athletic, lovers of nature and beauty Women had major role, especially in religion Sacrificed animals, and sometimes people, to gods Labyrinth discovered under city Written language: Linear A Archaelogists name civilization Minoa after King Minos King Minos—legendary king who owned a minotaur

Minoan Culture’s Mysterious End Earthquakes in 1700 B.C.E. caused damage, but Minoans rebuild In 1470 B.C.E. major earthquakes and volcanic eruption Minoans never recover from disasters Invaders from Greece take Minoan lands

Mycenaean Civilization Develops Origins Mycenaeans—Indo-Europeans who settled on Greek mainland in 2000 B.C. Took their name from their leading city, Mycenae Mycenaean warrior-kings dominate Greece from 1600–1100 B.C. Contact with Minoans After 1500 B.C., Mycenaeans adopt Minoan sea trade and culture The Trojan War Trojan War—fought by Mycenaeans against city of Troy in 1200s B.C. Once thought to be fictional, archaeological evidence has been found Heinrich Schliemann, 1876 discovered Troy & Mycenae

Homer: The “Heroic Age” Oral tradition grows, especially epics of Homer—a blind storyteller Epic—a narrative poem about heroic deeds Homer’s epic the Iliad, about Trojan War, shows Greek heroic ideal The Odyssey is the sequel to the Iliad

Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians Dorian Replace Mycenaean Mycenaean civilization collapses around 1200 B.C. Dorian—possibly relatives of Bronze Age Greeks—move into Greece OR may be part of the later Indo-European invasions Less advanced than Mycenaean, Dorian leave no written records Send Greece into a Dark Age for 300 years Some Greeks escape to Ionia and continue Greek traditions

"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece: 700 BCE - 324 BCE

Evolution toward Democracy Greek city-states were independent each developed own government most followed same pattern of development Athens developed the first democratic state

480-430 BCE Paid judges & jurors opened to everyone not just rich 508 BCE Further weakened nobility Council of 500 (1st truly democratic constitution) Extended citizenship Trial by jury (ostracism) 546 BCE Carried on Solon’s policies Building projects created jobs Athens becomes center of art and commerce Rule by nobles Rule by few 594 BCE First Constitution (soc, poli, econ) majority rule  assembly created help for poor name associated with “wise statesman” King Power inherited 621 BCE “Harsh”  “Draconian” First code of laws  most punishments = death

Early Athenian Tyrant Lawgivers Draco “draconian”  harsh Solon (wise) Cleisthenes created the first democracy!

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: Famous Battles Marathon (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens Phidippides Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass Greece lead by King Leoniadas of Sparta. Persia led by Xerxes Greece loses battle but helps to win the war Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy victorious Trireme

What advantage do hoplites have over their Persian counterparts? Greek Hoplites Athenian Spartan What advantage do hoplites have over their Persian counterparts?

Greek Trireme

Delian League City-states of Greece prepare for future Persian Attacks Each polis would contribute money, men, ships Treasury would be “housed” on the island of Delos Each polis would rotate management of the treasury Athens becomes first to run the Delian League the city-states agreed to help Athens rebuild from funds from the treasury

Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE

See Graphic Organizer Greek Creative Genius

Great Athenian Philosophers Socrates Know thyself! question everything, Socratic method only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness. Put to Death for “corrupting the you”. One of the most famous executions in history. Plato The Academy- broad curriculum emphasizing ethics and reasoning to make decisions The Republic  philosopher-king= no war Utopia

Great Athenian Philosophers Aristotle Scientific method. Logic People had to study hard to gain control over desires Earth centered view of the world Tutors Alexander the Great

Athens: The Arts & Sciences DRAMA (tragedians): Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides DRAMA (Comedy): Aristophanes THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras Democritus  all matter made up of small atoms. Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”

The Parthenon

History of the Parthenon The Parthenon replaced an older temple of Athena, called the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480 BC. Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon was used as a treasury, and for a time served as the treasury of the Delian League, which later became the Athenian Empire. In the 6th century AD, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin. After the Ottoman conquest, it was converted into a mosque in the early 1460s, and it even had a minaret. On September 28, 1687, an Ottoman ammunition dump inside the building was ignited by Venetian bombardment. The resulting explosion severely damaged the Parthenon and its sculptures. In 1806, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin removed some of the surviving sculptures, with Ottoman permission. These sculptures, now known as the Elgin or Parthenon Marbles, were sold in 1816 to the British Museum in London, where they are now displayed. The Greek government is committed to the return of the sculptures to Greece, so far with no success.

SPARTA

SPARTA Helots  Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

Peloponnesian Wars An Elephant vs. a Whale

Macedonia Under Philip II

"Hellenistic" Greece: 324 BCE - 100 BCE

Alexander the Great Voices from the Past

Alexander the Great in Persia

The Hellenization of Asia

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic Philosophers Cynics  Diogenes ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries. citizens of the world. live a humble, simple life. Epicurians  Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure. all excess leads to pain! politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic Philosophers Stoics  Zeno nature is the expansion of divine will. concept of natural law. get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all. true happiness is found in great achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus  heliocentric theory. Euclid  geometry Archimedes  pulley Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art. Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!