The Anthropoids: Monkeys, Apes & Humans Large body size Large brains Diurnal Enhanced color vision Live in social groups Primarily fruit eaters Dry noses Divided into New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines) and the Old World Monkeys (Catarrhines)

New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines) vs. Old World Monkeys (Catarrhines) Differences are: Geographical Anatomical Behavioral

New World Monkeys, Cont. Marmosets and tamarins Most primitive NWM Very small Claws Insectivores/Gum Use scent marking Twin births Monogamous pairs Highly endangered species

New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines) Characteristics Found only in southern Mexico, Central America and South America Widely spaced, outward facing nostrils Prehensile (grasping) tail Three premolars (36 teeth total) Almost exclusively arboreal Quadrupedal Capuchin monkeys use tools to crack nuts

Old World Monkeys (Catarrhines) Characteristics Wide geographical distribution Downward facing nose, closely spaced nostrils Sexually dimorphic (differences in body/tooth size between males & females) Two premolars (32 teeth total) Have “sitting pads” (ischial callosities) Two main groups: The Cercoptihecines & the Colobines

Old World Monkeys (Catarrhines) Cercopithecines = Baboons, Macaques, & Guenons Majority found in Africa Omnivorous Cheek pouches to store food Quadrupedal Baboons most terrestrial Large, complex social groups called troops

Catarrhine (Old World) Monkeys, Cont. B. The Colobines = African colobus monkeys and Asian langur monkeys Leaf-eaters Sharp cusped molars Specialized stomach for digesting cellulose “Banquet feeders” – stay in one place Arboreal quadrupeds

Summary: Differences between NWM & OWM New World Monkeys Flat, widely spaced nostrils Prehensile tails Three premolars (36 teeth) Mostly arboreal Frugivorous Old World Monkeys Downward pointing, closely spaced nostrils Sitting pads Two premolars (32 teeth) Omnivorous

The Hominoids: Apes & Humans Larger body size Do not have tails Increased brain size & intelligence Increased social complexity Possess rotating, suspensory shoulders that allows arm-hanging & arm-swinging (brachiation)

The Hylobatidae Family (Lesser Apes) Gibbons & Siamangs Inhabit southeastern tropical areas of Asia Smallest of apes Entirely arboreal Move by brachiation Highly frugivorous Very vocal & territorial Monogamous pair with dependent offspring

The Pongidae Family (The Great Apes) Orangutans: The Asian Ape - Name means “person of the forest” Found only in Borneo & Sumatra Fully arboreal Omnivorous; Use sticks to get termites or honey (Sumatran orangs) Pronounced sexual dimorphism Solitary; do not live in social groups Extremely endangered

B. Gorillas Largest of all living primates Live in forested regions across central & western Africa Lowland and Mountain gorillas Marked sexual dimorphism Males = 400 lbs.; Females = 150-200 lbs. Vegetarian

B. Gorillas (Continued) Quadrupedal knuckle-walkers when on ground Live in social groups Dominant male silverback is leader Mountain gorilla population = approximately 600

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Found in forests of equatorial Africa Live in large, fluid communities Occupy a territory defended by males Centered around bonded males Females emigrate out when they reach sexual maturity Arboreal & terrestrial Slight sexual dimorphism

C. Chimpanzees (Cont.) Knuckle-walkers, brachiators, & sometimes bipedal Omnivorous Hunt for meat Make & use tools

Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Found only in the Congo More slender than chimps More arboreal than chimps Large, fluid communities Center around bonded males & bonded females Can be female dominant Less aggressive & excitable than chimps

D. Bonobos, cont. More prone to bipedality Sexual practices Sex outside of estrus Use to form alliances & gain acceptance Use to restore harmony & relieve tension

E. The Hominids: Humans Only living representative of Hominid family Primate heritage evident in overall anatomy & genetic make up Teeth similar to that of apes Vision/sight predominant sense Flexible limbs, grasping hands Omnivorous

What separates humans from non-human primates? Humans have culture – used as primary means of adaptation Humans can produce speech Sex not confined to female’s most fertile period Humans are the only true habitual bipedal mammals

Primate Family Tree (Phylogeny) Primates Anthropoids Prosimians New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys Cercopithecines & Colobines Hominoids Hylobatidae (Lesser Apes) Pongidae (Great Apes)