CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chemical Pathways http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg

In the last chapter green plants used ________________ to http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif AUTOTROPHS ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food In the last chapter green plants used ________________ to trap energy from __________ and make ______________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS sunlight food (glucose) http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ in a process called ___________________ broken down energy ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION What kind of organisms do this?

What kind of organisms do this? plants fungi animals bacteria ________ (Including _______) ______ ______ ______ humans ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!

How do we get the sugar from the plants? REMEMBER! _______________ get their energy by eating other organisms. HETEROTROPHS We get the energy the plants stored as glucose by _____________ directly or eating the _________ that ate the plants. eating plants animals  Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm

CYTOPLASM Area with gel-like material inside cell membrane Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Area with gel-like material inside cell membrane surrounding mitochondria = ______________________ Power plant of cell that burns glucose and stores the energy as ATP = _______________ CYTOPLASM mitochondria http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg

MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds = _________________ CYTOPLASM surrounds mitochondria DOUBLE CRISTAE INTERMEMBRANE SPACE MATRIX

All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) use the _____________ to  Image from: http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) use the _____________ to charge up their _______ energy in food ATP

energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____ = ________________ This process of releasing the energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____ = ________________ ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION  Image by Riedell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe  

slowly in ________________. many steps CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________! slowly many steps light and heat http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif  

PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2 C6H12O6 ___________ + _________ + ___________ →_______________ + __________ 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2 CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 6 CO2 _____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________ ______________________________________________________________ 6O2 6 H2O The two equations are exact opposites!

calorie Calorie 1000 UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/images/boilingif UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of water 1◦ Celsius = _______________ Unit for measuring energy in food = _______________ 1 Calorie = _________ calories calorie Calorie 1000 http://www.raytechcatalog.com/images/products/mainstay_food_3600_nutrition.gif

Remember from Photosynthesis? High energy electron carrier = ___________ Cellular respiration uses some different carriers to transport high energy electrons. _______ & ________ NADP+ NAD+ FAD ________ + _________ → ____________ 2 e- + H+ NAD+ ________ + _________ → ____________ FAD 2 e- + 2H+

The first step in cellular respiration = __________________ Glycolysis happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria GLYCOLYSIS CYTOPLASM See glycolysis movie

Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ ) BUT it needs some ____________to get it started. What molecule do you think is going to supply the energy do this? sweet split apart DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN ENERGY ATP

____________________ + _______________ GLYCOLYSIS ________ ↓ ___________ → → _____________ ____________________ + _______________ GLUCOSE 2 PYRUVIC ACID ATP ATP ATP ATP NADH NADH 4 ATP’s 2 ATP’s PUT IN ________ and GET BACK __________ Net gain of ________ and __________ 2 ATP’s 2 NADH

PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = ANAEROBIC = AEROBIC

PYRUVIC ACID ___________ OXYGEN WITHOUT 2 kinds of fermentation ___________________ & _____________________ WITHOUT ANAEROBIC Alcoholic Lactic acid

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL CO2 NAD+ Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise CO2 bubbles make _____________ in bread Alcohol _______________ during cooking air spaces evaporates http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL CO2 NAD+ Happens when ___________ make _______ or ____________ make ______ yeast beer bacteria wine http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →______________ + ________ PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID NAD+ muscles Happens in _____________ during ____________when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness exercise http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →______________ + ________ PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID NAD+ Happens when bacteria are used to make __________and ____________ like: Yogurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut, pickles, cheese sour cream, & kimchi food beverages http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html

WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full. Eventually glycolysis will builds up NAD+ NAD+

→ → FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ PYRUVIC ACID _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ CO2 NAD+ ALCOHOL → NAD+ LACTIC ACID ______ → You get the NAD+ carriers back FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going REGENERATE the NAD+

Plants do ____________ but Flooded Corn Field photosynthesis By:http://skyways.lib.ks.us/towns/ElkCity/2007flood.html plants need ______________________ too. If plant’s seeds are under water 3 days or more, the seeds will die. If a plant’s roots are under water for 3 days or more, the plants will die. oxygen for cellular respiration

KREBS CYCLE & ELECTRON TRANSPORT http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg http://www.therunningdoctor.com/runinjuries.htm

REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. The presence or absence of _______________ decides which path it takes next. OXYGEN

Flowchart Cellular Respiration Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present.

Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing _______________ follows glycolysis if oxygen is present KREBS CYCLE

REMEMBER: Glycolysis happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria. Krebs cycle happens in _____________ inside the mitochondria CYTOPLASM MATRIX

(also called pyruvate) enters the _________________ PYRUVIC ACID _______________ (also called pyruvate) enters the _________________ Pyruvic acid joins with _______________ to form ________________ MITOCHONDRION COENZYME A ACETYL - CoA Diagram by Riedell

Carbon dioxide is released into the ________________ WHERE DO THESE GO? Carbon dioxide is released into the ________________ High energy electron carriers move into the ____________________ atmosphere ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (We will come back to this later)

Citric Acid Formation: Krebs Cycle Animation-(select #2) 2 carbon ACETYL-COA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon molecule called _______________ . citric acid

WHERE DO THESE GO? Coenzyme A goes back to pick up another ________________ Citric acid completes the ____________ Pyruvic acid KREBS CYCLE

KREBS CYCLE KREBS CYCLE PRODUCES ____ 3 1 1 4 Krebs Cycle Animation-(select #3) KREBS CYCLE PRODUCES ____ 3 1 1 4

WHERE DOES IT GO? → 6 carbons in original glucose are lost as ________________ to atmosphere Carbon dioxide

WHERE DO THESE GO? ATP can be used directly to supply __________ for the cell. High energy electron carriers move into the ____________________ energy ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Electron Transport Chain Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain.

WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN? ET Glycolysis KREBS Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN are located in the ___________________________ Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN INTERMEMBRANE SPACE CRISTAE MATRIX Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

Electron Transport Chain Animation-(select start, continue, and #1) electrons High-energy _____________ from __________ and __________ are passed along the electron transport chain. Energy from passing electrons is used to transport _____________________ across the membrane. NADH FADH2 Hydrogen ions (H+)

Electron Transport Chain: Electron Transport Chain Animation-(select start, continue, and #3) The pumping of H+ ions into the _______________________ represents potential energy that is harnessed to make ATP. As H+ ions escape through ion channels back into the matrix, ________________ spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to form _______ INTERMEMBRANE SPACE ATP SYNTHASE ATP

Electron Transport Chain: OXYGEN ________________ serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, an enzyme combines the electrons with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form ______________ water (H2O)

Electron Transport Chain Animation-(#1 and #2) NADH High-energy electrons from ________ come in at beginning but electrons from _________ come in farther down the chain. FADH2

SO: NADH → _____ FADH2 → _____ 3 ATP’s 2 ATP’s

Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview WHATS THE BIG PICTURE? Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Electron Transport Chain Glucose Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Cytoplasm Mitochondrion

CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes: ______________________ _______________________ GLYCOLYSIS KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

GLYCOLYSIS Happens in ______________ Breaks down ____________ into ________________ Produces _______ __________ CYTOPLASM outside mitochondria 1 glucose 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate) 2 2

KREBS CYCLE happens in ________________ Breaks down _________________ Produces: ____ ____ ____ ____ MATRIX inside mitochondria 2 pyruvic acid 2 6 8 2

ELECTRON TRANSPORT Enzymes found in _____________ Uses high energy electrons and H+ ions donated by _______ and _______ Makes ___________ ________ acts a final electron acceptor to produce ________ cristae inner membrane of mitochondria NADH FADH2 32 (net) ATP OXYGEN H2O

Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing

CELLULAR RESPIRATION (aerobic/ with oxygen): 1 glucose → _______________ FERMENTATION (anaerobic/ without oxygen): 1 glucose → ________________ 36 ATP 2 ATP

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Remember ! CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) SMALL GLYCOLYSIS http://www.therunningdoctor.com/runinjuries.htm EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Cells normally contain _________ amounts of ATP produced by _______________ & __________________________ (only enough for a few seconds of activity) Once this ATP is used up_____________ fermentation can provide enough ATP to last about ___________________. SMALL GLYCOLYSIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION LACTIC ACID 90 seconds

EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Once race is over, _______________ must be broken down using oxygen. Well __________ athletes burn lactic acid more efficiently. Lactic acid trained Image from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg

EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) For exercise longer than 90 seconds _____________________ is the only way to make enough ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy _____________ than fermentation. Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves during a long race. Cellular respiration more slowly

GLYCOGEN What happens in a long race when the body’s glucose all is used up? Animal cells store GLUCOSE as _____________ to use later. GLYCOGEN REMEMBER Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif

MUSCLES glycogen EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) ________________ store glucose as ________________ which can be broken down into glucose to supply energy for_______________ of activity. MUSCLES glycogen 15-20 minutes

That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) After glycogen stores are used up the body begins to break down ________ That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than 20 minutes if you want to lose weight! FAT Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg

ALL CELLS NEED ENERGY All __________________ (including plant and animal cells) have _______________ for cellular respiration All __________________ (bacteria) have their electron transport enzymes attached to their _____________________ Remember: No membrane bound organelles! Eukaryotes mitochondria Prokaryotes Cell membranes