What is Matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space Smallest unit of matter is the atom Described by physical properties and chemical properties

What are Mixtures? A mixture is two or more substances that are PHYSICALLY combined Can be separated by PHYSICAL means Two types of mixtures: Homogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures

Homogeneous Mixtures Uniform composition throughout the mixtures (they are the SAME all the way through!) AKA: solution Examples: air, tap water, tea, kool-aid, pen ink Separation techniques: distillation, crystallization, chromatography

Heterogeneous Mixtures Non-uniform composition throughout Can see distinct phases in the mixture Examples: chicken-noodle soup, concrete, granite, oatmeal cookies Separation technique: filtration, magnetism, or dissection (cut apart)

Pure Substances Have definite composition Separated only by CHEMICAL means Two types: Elements Compounds *This means it will have a chemical formula!

It’s Elemental! Elements are found on the periodic table. They cannot be broken down into anything of simpler properties. (Can’t get smaller without acting different). Smallest unit of an element is an atom Examples: Carbon, Silver, Xenon

Compounds Combination of 2 or more elements Represents elements bonded together to create a more stable situation Smallest units of a compound are formula units and molecules Separation technique: chemical reaction Examples: NaCl, CuSO4, C6H12O6

Chemical Properties A chemical property describes the substance in ways that are observed during chemical reactions. Examples: flammability, reactivity to acids, ability to replace other metals Common instruments: matches, Bunsen burner, other chemicals, pipettes

Physical Properties Physics properties describe the substance in ways that are easily observed without a chemical reaction Examples: color, length, mass, density, temperature, hardness, state of matter Common instruments: eyes, rulers, balances, graduated cylinders, thermometers

Physical Changes in Matter A physical change is a change in matter that results in a difference in appearance but NOT a change in chemical composition. Example: Wadding up aluminum foil Others: Bending, breaking, tearing, spilling, crushing

Chemical Changes in Matter A chemical change is a process in which one or more substances changes into a new substance. Example: Burning paper Others: Reacting, Oxidizing, Rusting, Fermenting

The Law of Conservation of Matter Matter always remains in the galaxy in some form or shape, no matter how it behaves! The law of conservation of matter says that matter cannot be created or destroyed – it only changes form.

The Law of Multiple Proportions The law of multiple proportions says that elements can form compounds in multiple, whole-number ratios. Example: Carbon dioxide that we breathe out is CO2 – one carbon with two oxygens. Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas put out by cars, manufacturing and other mechanical devices. It is CO – one carbon with one oxygen.

For example: When the piece of paper burned, smoke and other gases rose from the paper. These contained all of the atoms that had previously been in the paper, just in a gas instead of a solid.