Beyond Phrases: Sentences and Clauses Modern English Grammar 2 Session 10

Let’s revisit a few concepts from early last semester Try these …

for the structure trees Try to find example sentences for the structure trees on pages 145 and 147 MEG-2 © FAM

18.1 Sentences vs. Clauses a) NP infl. VP Det N V NP infl. VP past the boy ran Det N V NP past Det N the boy ran a mile MEG-2 © FAM

18.1 Sentences vs. Clauses b) conj. Cl NP infl. VP NP infl. VP past past conj. the dog ran up to me but the cat slept on NP infl. VP past I got home. when MEG-2 © FAM

18.2.1 Coordination S Cl Cl conj. NP infl. VP NP infl. VP past past Mary read the paper so John cooked supper MEG-2 © FAM

18.2.1 Subordination S Cl NP infl. VP Cl past conj. NP infl. VP Mary subordinate clauses can be initial, medial or final read the paper past because John cooked supper MEG-2 © FAM

18.2.1 Embedding S conj + clause replace e.g. “it” (NPObj) Cl NP infl. VP past Cl conj. Mary read embedded clauses are usually fixed in their place in the sentence S NP infl. VP past that John cooked supper MEG-2 © FAM

Do Exploration 1 on page 148 MEG-2 © FAM

18.2.1 Conjunctions a) Conjunction c/s Conjunction c/s Conjunction c/s after s although/though s and c as s because s before s but c even if s even though s for c if s in order that s nor c once s or c provided that s rather than s since so that s so c than s that s unless s until s when/whenever s where/ wherever s whereas s whether s while s why s yet c MEG-2 © FAM

Coordinators F or A nd N or B ut O r Y et S o MEG-2 © FAM

Do Activity 1 on page 149 MEG-2 © FAM

18.2.1 Conjunctions b) Co-ordinating Conjunctions and but for or nor so yet Subordinating Conjunctions after although/though as because before even if even though if in order that once provided that rather than since so that than that unless until when/whenever where/ wherever whereas whether while why MEG-2 © FAM

Do Activity 2 on page 149 MEG-2 © FAM

18.2.2 Finite vs. Non-Finite clauses The new president made his first public speech yesterday. The new president announced new measures to curb inflation. finite clause The new president, announced new measures to curb inflation. when he made his first public speech yesterday, non-finite clause The new president, announced new measures to curb inflation. making his first public speech yesterday, Break! Missing/invisible or implied Infl elements person number tense aspect MEG-2 © FAM

Do Exploration 2 on page 150 MEG-2 © FAM

18.2.2 Finite vs. Non-Finite b) Many parents were concerned about the lack of an official response. They complained to the council. Finite Many parents (,) who were concerned by the lack of an official response(,)complained to the council. Non-finite Many parents, concerned by the lack of an official response, complained to the council. I was talking about open heart surgery. Most people didn’t like it. Finite Most people didn’t like (the fact) that I was talking about open heart surgery. Non-finite Most people didn’t like me talking about open heart surgery. MEG-2 © FAM

18.2.2 Finite vs. Non-Finite b) I work hard all day. I like watching TV to relax. Finite After I have worked hard all day, I like watching TV to relax. Non-finite After working hard all day I like watching TV to relax. She read the story. It gave details about the Prince’s affair with Camilla. Finite She read the story which gave details about the Prince’s affair with Camilla. Non-finite She read the story giving details about the Prince’s affair with Camilla. MEG-2 © FAM

Do Exploration 3 on page 150 MEG-2 © FAM

18.2.3 Functions of clauses a) Many parents, who were concerned by the lack of an official response, complained to the council. Many parents complained to the council. concerned Adjectival Clause Many parents, concerned by the lack of an official response, complained to the council. Most people didn’t like (the fact) that I was talking about open heart surgery. Most people didn’t like my talk. Nominal/Noun Clause Most people didn’t like me talking about open heart surgery. MEG-2 © FAM

17.2.3 Functions of clauses b) After I have worked hard all day I like watching TV to relax. After a hard day’s work I like to watch TV to relax. After working hard all day I like watching TV to relax. Adverbial Clause She read the story which gave details about the Prince’s affair with Camilla. She read the story “Prince appositional clauses (non-finite) can sometimes be swapped around has affair with Camilla” She read the story giving details about the Prince’s with Camilla. Appositional Clause MEG-2 © FAM

Do Activity 3 on page 151 MEG-2 © FAM

18.2.3 Functions of clauses c) Clause Type examples replaced XP finite or not Nominal Clause I know that I can’t do this very well. NP f I’m aware of not being able to do this very well. nf Adjectival Clause My friend cooked a meal which was big enough to feed an army. AdjP f Note: embedded clauses can’t be shifted whereas subordiate ones can My friend cooked a meal big enough to feed an army. nf MEG-2 © FAM

18.2.3 Functions of clauses d) Clause Type examples replaced XP finite or not Adverbial Clause Before you initiate speech, you should switch on your brain. AdvP f Before initiating speech, you should switch on your brain. nf Appositional Clause The politician who people so often talk about is really vain. Appos-ition f The politician so often talked about is really vain. nf MEG-2 © FAM

As a recap, do Exploration 4 on page 150 MEG-2 © FAM

adjectival / appos-itional 18. Recapitulation a) finite ? coord./ subord./ embed. type of clause That-clause postmodifies “amused 1. Victoria was not amused that the television wasn’t working. f e nominal 2. They never heard from him again but never really gave up hope. nf c m cls clause replaces NPobj of “said” 3. She said she would come over later. f e nominal 4. For Andrew something is either the best thing since sliced bread or he has nothing but scorn for it. f c m cls 5. The information, eagerly awaited, turned out to be somewhat of a disappointment. nf e adjectival / appos-itional modifies “information” either like an adjective (eagerly awaited information) or as an apposition (eagerly awaited news) MEG-2 © FAM

18. Recapitulation b) clause postmodifies “important” 6. This is an important point to bear in mind. nf e adverbial clause postmodifies “enough” 7. The noise was enough to drive you crazy. nf e adjectival 8. Despite having been invited to the dinner party they didn’t cancel their previous engagement. nf s adverbial two clauses can be swapped around 9. The people from the call centre always phone when I’m about to sit down for supper. f s adverbial two clauses can be swapped around 10. Her excuse, that she hadn’t known about the resignation at the time, convinced nobody. f e appositional that-clause cannot be swapped around, apposition 11. Breaking up is never easy. nf e nominal clause replaces NPsubj 12. The idea was that we would cook for everybody. f e nominal clause is the complement of linking verb “was” MEG-2 © FAM

Home Study Exploration 2 on page 154 MEG-2 © FAM

Modern English Grammar Bye for now… And now, sadly, there are only four sessions left of your favourite class Modern English Grammar MEG-2 © FAM