International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Potential and Costs for Controlling Particulate Matter in Europe

Approach to PM Assessment Health impact theories still controversial (PM mass, size, number, carbonaceous, etc.) Integrated assessment for all impact theories (as far as possible) to determine set of robust measures First step: PM mass, distinguish PM size classes Future work: other PM properties (carbonaceous, metals, alkaline, etc.)

Methodology Emission factors for TSP first mass balance approach for stationary combustion sources reported factors for the mobile and other sources PM10 and PM2.5 fractions for uncontrolled emissions Uncontrolled emission factors for fine / coarse / PM>10 Size-specific emission removal efficiencies

Initial Projections of Primary PM EU-15 Non-EU

PM10 emissions by source sector [kilotons]

PM2.5 emissions by source sector [kilotons]

PM control options considered in RAINS Stationary Sources: Cyclones Fabric filters Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) 1 field 2/3 fields 3+ fields Improved combustion techniques for small sources Mobile Sources: EURO-II EURO-III EURO-IV EURO-V

Control potential for primary PM emissions

PM emission control costs (Billion Euro/year)

Major open issues Emissions from wood burning Re-suspension Road Rail Material handling Waste treatment & disposal, solvents Verification with national experts

On the Internet Free access to PM module National databases Emission calculations and projections Cost calculations and cost curves http://www.iiasa.ac.at/~rains