“Biology Must Knows” answers

1. Cell parts

2. Differentiate between active and passive transport. No energy needed Goes from greater to lesser concentrations Ex: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, gated ion channels ATP energy needed Goes from lesser to greater concentrations Ex: endocytosis, exocytosis

3. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? Active processes – need ATP energy Endocytosis – takes in materials Pinocytosis – liquids Phagocytosis - solids Exocytosis – puts out

4/5. Types of organic macromolecules all have Carbon Carbohydrates – C,H,O Lipids

Proteins Nucleic Acids

7. Fluid Mosaic Model Diffusion – movement of molecules from greater to lesser concentrations Osmosis – diffusion of water across a membrane Facilitated diffusion – needs a transport or carrier protein Gated ion channels – allow passage of ions All of above are PASSIVE – no energy needed

8. Hypotonic – less solute than in solution; water goes in the cell Hypertonic – more solute than in solution; water leaves the cell Isotonic – solute concentrations are equal, so equal movement

9. Trophic levels Consumers eat food, producers make their own food 10% rule – only 10 percent of the energy is passed to each succeeding tropic level

10. Exponential growth : the population doubles with each measurement period

Complimentary DNA: TGT AAC GCC TCA mRNA: ACA UUG CGG AGU 11/12. DNA: ACA TTG CGG AGT Complimentary DNA: TGT AAC GCC TCA mRNA: ACA UUG CGG AGU

13. triplets 14. codons 15. A cell copies it’s DNA: S phase 16. DNA is in the nucleus in eukaryotes, in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes 17. A chromosome is a strand of DNA, 18.replicated, looks like X in eukaryotes, like a O in prokaryotes 19. DNA structure discovered by Watson and Crick 20. Called a double helix

21.Karyotype – display of chromosomes to detect abnormalities in number or structure 22. 3 of chromosome #21

How does DNA make proteins? The sequence of amino acids is determined by the sequence of bases on DNA, which is transcribed into a mRNA molecule, then translated into a sequence of amino acids, which make up a protein What are proteins used for? Build muscle tissue, hair, nails, enzymes What do enzymes do? Lower the activation energy of a reaction. This allows chemical reactions in living organisms to occur at lower temperatures

10. Recombination – mixing of alleles at fertilization Crossing over – portions of chromosomes break off and switch with other homologous

23.. Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT) 2 diploid daughter cells result, identical

Meiosis – 2 cell divisions (Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2) 4 gametes which are haploid (only 1 surviving in females)

24. mitosis: all somatic cells, meiosis: germ cells (testes and ovaries) 25. mitosis: 2 meiosis: 4 26. daughter cells in mitosis are diploid; in meiosis are haploid

27. 1. male 2 or female 2. male 1 or female 3. male 2 4. male 2 or female 5. male 1 or male 2 28. Male 2

29. Pedigree chart Males with the disorder: 4,14 Carriers: 2,5,8,10,11,15 all are females 32. More males, because they only need the gene on their one X-chromosome to show the thait.

12. Determine genetic relationships and probability of traits appearing If sex-linked, are on the X chromosome and appear mostly in males Carriers (females) have 1 copy of the trait, but are heterozygous, so it doesn’t appear.