Vplyv pneumokokových konjugovaných vakcín na verejné zdravie

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Vplyv pneumokokových konjugovaných vakcín na verejné zdravie Karol Králinský DFNsP a FZ SZU Banská Bystrica VII.Slovenský vakcinologický kongres 14.-16. január 2016, Štrbské Pleso Prednáška podporená z edukačného grantu spoločnosti Pfizer

Pneumokokové ochorenia Deti a dospelí1–3 CDC Pinkbook/2012/p235/bottom box/para4,5 Bakteriémia Meningitída Nebakteriemická Pneumónia Bakteriemická Huang/2011/p3401/ Table2/Section4,5,6,7 Deti Dospelí Acute Otitis Media Pneumonia Bakteriémia / Sepsa Meningitída Invazívne ochorenia Viac dát Said/p5/col1/para2 25% Kľúčové body, ktoré si treba uvedomiť, predtým ako začneme hodnotiť plošné očkovanie proti pneumokokom na Slovensku Pneumokokové ochorenia sa prezentujú inak u detí a dospelých. U malých detí, zápal stredného ucha je zďaleka najčastejšia prezentácia pneumokokových ochorení U dospelých pneumokoková pneumónia tvoria drvivú väčšinu pneumokokových ochorení. Poznámky Pneumokoky sú zodpovedné za približne 28% až 55% prípadov akútneho zápalu stredného ucha1 Podľa modelov na základe štatistík z roku 2004, nebakteriemická pneumónia postihuje viac ako 440.000 dospelých vo veku 50 rokov a starších v Spojených štátoch amerických2 Na základe údajov zo systematického prehľadu literatúry a meta-analýz komunitnej pneumónie štúdie spôsobenej pneumokokomi, Said a kolegovia odhadujú, že 25% prípadov pneumokokovej pneumónie sú bacteriemické3 Referencie Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal disease. In: Atkinson W, Wolfe S, Hamborsky J, eds. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 12th ed., second printing. Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation; 2012:233-248. Huang SS, Johnson KM, Ray GT, et al. Healthcare utilization and cost of pneumococcal disease in the United States. Vaccine. 2011;29(18):3398-3412. Said MA, Johnson HL, Nonyane BA, et al. Estimating the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic techniques. PLoS One. 2013;8:e60273. Key Point Clinical forms of disease caused by S pneumoniae can be grouped into 2 broad classifications: invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and noninvasive (or mucosal) disease1 Notes S pneumoniae is a common cause of acute otitis media (AOM), resulting in an estimated 5 million cases per year in children. Pneumococci are identified in approximately 28% to 55% of AOM cases1 Although invasive disease is less prevalent than otitis media or pneumonia, it is associated with a high case fatality rate and a risk of long-term sequelae1 Noninvasive clinical forms of pneumococcal disease occur at sites that become infected by contiguous spread of bacteria from the nasopharynx, such as the middle ear (AOM)2 Pneumonia, which often results from aspiration of pneumococci from the nasopharynx, is also classified as noninvasive unless it is associated with bacteremia2 When the bacteria invade normally sterile body sites, such as the bloodstream or meninges, the resulting forms of pneumococcal disease, including bacteremia and meningitis, are classified as invasive. Therefore, pneumonia accompanied by bacteremia is classified as invasive2 IPD results from systemic infection and is more severe than noninvasive mucosal disease2 References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. In: Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. 13th ed. Washington D.C. Public Health Foundation, 2015. World Health Organization. Pneumococcal vaccines WHO position paper—2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012;87(14):129-144. Pneumokoková pneumónia Veľké počty, menej preskúmané 75% CDC Pinkbook/2012/p235/para5 Huang/2011/p3399/col1/para3; p3401/Table2 Said/p1/Methods and Findings;p5/col1/para2 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal disease. In: Atkinson W, et al, eds. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 12th ed., second printing. Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation; 2012:233-248; 2. Huang SS, et al. Vaccine. 2011;29:3398-3412; 3. Said MA, et al. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e60273.

Patogenéza tzv. “opúzdrených patogénov” Kolonizácia Otitis Media Priama infekcia Pneumónia IPD Sepsa & Bakteriémia Metastatické ochorenie Meningitída, Artritída V patogenéze tzv. “Opúzdrených patogénov”, kam patrí aj Streptococcus pneumoniae hrá kľúčovú úlohu kolonizácia nosohltanu - nazofaryngeálne nosičstvo, ktoré je predpokladom pre vznik zápalu stredného ucha, pneumónie prípadne sepsy/bakteriémie priamym šírením patogénov z nosohltanu. Zápal stredného ucha alebo pneumónia môžu byť komplikované sepsou/bakteriémiou, ak sa baktérie dostanú do krvného obehu. Šírením patogénov v krvnom obehu môže vzniknúť metastaitcké ochorenie, napr. meningitída, artritída. Pneumococcal diseases have several forms and can be either invasive (pneumococcus is isolated from a sterile fluid as CSF, blood, pleural liquid), either non-invasive (mucosal), such as otitis media, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia Pneumococcus is normal part of flora in nasopharynx. Children carry pneumococcus most of the time. From nose it either gets to the blood stream or is aspirated into the ear or lungs. Mucosal diseases are much more common. 95% of mortality in the world in children from pneumococcal disease is not from here (IPD) but from pneumonia. Pneumonia is around 100x more common than IPD and otitis media is 1000x more common than IPD. Pneumococcal diseases are much more then IPD: sepsis and meningitis. People often talk about IPD, which are serious, but also very rare diseases.

Priama vs. nepriama (kolektívna) ochrana Priama ochrana (podmienená účinnosťou proti ochoreniu) Nepriama (kolektívna) ochrana (podmienená účinnosťou na nosičstvo) PCV Počet jedincov v spoločnosti vo vekových skupinách Veľkosť priamej ochrany je podmienená účinnosťou vakcíny proti ochoreniu – IPO, AOM, pneumónia avšak Veľkosť nepriamej (kolektívnej) ochrany je podmienená účinnosťou na nosičstvo. <5 <10 <20 <30 <40 <50 <60 <70 <80 <90 Vek (roky) Slide prepared by Ron Dagan, MD.

% preočkovanosti detskej populácie a ovplyvnenie nosičstva dodatočných 6 sérotypov 70-75% zaočkovanosť PCV chráni neočkované deti Ak sa zavedie očkovanie, koľko detí musí byť očkovaných aby sme ochránili aj tých ktorí nie sú riadne očkovaní, ako novorodencov, dospelých, alebo tí, ktorí sa nechceli očkovať? Tento slide ukazuje štúdiu Stephena Peltona z Bostonu, Massachusetts, USA. Čierna čiara označuje preočkovanosť 13-valentnou PCV (PCV13) od niekoľkých mesiacov po uvedení vakcíny v USA do cca 1,5 roka potom. Začína v blízkosti 40% a zvyšuje na približne 80% a vyššie. Spodná čiara označuje deti, ktoré boli riadne očkované PCV13 a u koľkých z nich bolo zistené nosičstvo dodatočných sérotypy v PCV13, okrem tých, ktoré sú v PCV7. Táto čiara je relatívne nízka s miernym nárastom po niekoľkých týždňoch v zimnom období, kedy je vyššie nosičstvo. Potom čiara klesá a zostáva viacmenej stabilná. Horná čiara ukazuje, čo sa stane s neočkovanými alebo nedostatočne očkovanými detmí. Vidíme veľký nárast v zimnom období, a to je veľmi odlišné od spodnej čiary. Pri pohľade na čiernu čiaru na úrovni asi 70% -75% preočkovanosti, vidíme, že očkovaní aj neočkovaní dosiahnu rovnaký bod, čo by naznačovalo, že teraz sú neočkované deti nepriamo chránené tým, že očkované deti už nešíria sérotypy obsiahnuté vo vakcíne. Na základe toho môžeme tvrdiť, že ak 70% -75% detí je riadne očkovaných, chránia zvyšok komunity pred šírením patogénu a pred ochorením. Je to veľmi dôležitý cieľ, pretože bez uvedenia vakcíny do NIP a zavedenia plošného očkovania, nebudeme schopní dosiahnuť tohto významného vplyvu v spoločnosti.

Nosičstvo / Kolektívna ochrana Aké množstvo protilátok je potrebné na ochranu pred pneumokokovými ochoreniami? IPD Pneumónia Acute Otitis Media Nosičstvo / Kolektívna ochrana Ron Dagan prezentácia ESPID 2015; Dagan et al, J Infect Dis, 192:367–76, 2005.

Priame (tzv. head-to-head) porovnanie IgG (ELISA) odpovedí na PCV10 a PCV13 (2-3-4-11 mes.-schéma) proti relevantným sérotypom GMC Prebooster Postbooster * * * * * * * Porovnávacia analýza sérotypovo špecifických imunoglobulínu G (IgG) odpovedí u jedincov očkovaných 10- a 13-valentnou pneumokokovou konjugovanou vakcínou (PCV10 a PCV13). Geometrické priemerné koncentrácie IgG (GMC) s 95% intervalom spoľahlivosti zo sér PCV10- alebo PCV13-očkovaných detí, pred (ľavý graf) a po (pravý graf) boostri v 11-mesiaci. Rozdiely boli testované pomocou nepárového t-testu na úrovni logaritmicky transformovaných IgG. * P <0,05 bola považovaná za významnú. V prípade sérotypu 19A, ktorý je priamo obsiahnutý len v PCV13 vidíme signifikantný rozdiel v hladine protilátok pred aj po posilňovacej dávke. Van Westen et al., CID 2015:61:342-349.

Poznámka: Dáta sú zo schémy 3+1, 2+1 GMTs sú nižšie OPA titre funkčných protilátok proti sérotypom 19F/19A po primárnej schéme 3 dávok a post booster*   19F 19A 19A* PCV7 52 5 11* PCV10 149 9 29* Vesikari et al., PIDJ 2009 PCV7 166 7 59* PCV13 150 442 1,349* Kieninger et al. Vaccine 2010 PCV10-OPA titre funkčných protilátok proti 19A sú v prípade PCV10 vyššie v porovnaní s PCV7 avšak mnohonásobne nižšie v porovnaní s PCV13. Kieninger et al. Vaccine 2010: 4192-4203 Vesikari et al. PIDJ 2009; 28: S66-S76 Poznámka: Dáta sú zo schémy 3+1, 2+1 GMTs sú nižšie Kieninger et al. Vaccine 2010: 4192-4203, Vesikari et al. PIDJ 2009; 28: S66-S76

Prevalencia pozitívneho nosohltanového nosičstva sérotypu 19A Randomizované kontrolované skúšania porovnávajúce novú generáciu vakcín voči PCV7: Izrael (PCV13) a Holandsko, (PCV10 – PHiD-CV) Očkovanie 2, 4, 6, 12 mesiac Dagan et al, CID, 57:952–62, 2013 Očkovanie 2, 3, 4, 11–13 mesiac van den Bergh et al, Clin Infect Dis, 56:e30-39, 2013 Rozdiely v imunitnej odpovedi PCV10 a PCV13 proti sérotypu 19A dokumentujú aj randomizované kontrolované skúšania, ktoré nepreukázali u PCV10 rozdiel v nosohltanovom nosičstve sérotypu 19A v porovnaní PCV7 avšak potvrdili signifikantný pokles nosohltanového nosičstva 19A po PCV13 v porovnaní s PCV7. Vek (mesiace)

Vekovo špecifická incidencia a počet prípadov IPO na Slovensku v rokoch 2011-2014. Za posledné 4 roky najvyššia incidencia IPO bola u detí do 1 roka avšak najviac prípadov je u starších nad 65 rokov. Najvyššia incidencia ..............................Najviac prípadov EPIS, www.epis.sk

Slovensko: trend počtu prípadov IPD v jednotlivých vekových kategóriách, 2011-2015 V detskej populácii sa za posledné 4 roky nedošlo k nárastu výskytu IPO, čo poukazuje na pozitívny efekt plošného očkovania zároveň bol zaznamenaný nárast výskytu IPO v populácii 65 a viac ročných osôb rovnako ako aj v ostatných vekových kategóriách. Pozorujeme rastúci trend počtu prípadov IPD v populácii ≥65r. rovnako ako v ostatných vekových kategóriách ≥5r. NRC pre pneumokokové a hemofilové ochorenia 2015, Banská Bystrica

Slovensko: sérotyp 19A je najčastejší sérotyp a má rastúci trend Celkovo 15,1 % 0 - 4 r. – 25,6 % Nad 65 – 14,1 % NRC pre pneumokokové a hemofilové ochorenia 2015, Banská Bystrica

PCV národné imunizačné programy1,2 PCV13 & PCV10* PCV10 References Gavi Alliance Progress Report 2012. Accessed 2Feb2014 from http://www.gavialliance.org/results/gavi-progress-reports/. Pfizer, data on file, Feb 2014. PCV13 NIP oznámený PCV10 NIP oznámený *Obe PCV vakcíny sú dostupné/hradené v NIP alebo NIP obsahuje rôzne PCV vakcíny v závislosti od regiónu, trhový podiel PCV13 v Nemecku je >95% 1. Gavi Alliance Progress Report 2013. http://www.gavialliance.org/results/gavi-progress-reports/. Updated 2. Pfizer Data on file

UK: Incidencia IPD u detí <2 roky PCV13 2+1 Incidencia IPD * u detí <2 roky, 2000–2001 až 2013–2014 PCV7 PCV13 Zmena sérotypov v % 2008‒2010 vs 2013‒2014 46% Všetky prípady 76% PCV7 prípady 89% PCV13 prípady 28% NVT 60 All 50 PCV7 40 PCV13 only NVT Upravená incidencia na 100,000 30 20 10 Note to Speaker: This data is included in the EU SmPC; however, the slide is referenced to the published literature. Key Points The overall incidence of IPD due to the 6 additional serotypes in PCV13 continued to decrease following the introduction of PCV13 in 2009/2010 in children <2 years of age A 46% reduction in IPD due to any serotype was observed in the incidence of IPD in children <2 years of age in 2013/2014 compared to the pre-PCV13 baseline average from 2008–2010. Additionally, a 76% reduction was observed for PCV7 serotypes, and a 89% reduction was observed for serotypes only found in PCV13. Conversely, a 28% increase was observed for nonvaccine serotypes (NVT) Compared with the pre-PCV7 period (2000–2006), the overall incidence of IPD in 2013/2014 was reduced 56%, and the incidence of PCV7-type IPD was reduced by 97% Notes PCV7 was introduced in the UK in September 2006, and was replaced by PCV13 in April 2010 The Public Health England Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control maintains a central database of IPF reports, which have been required since 2010, and are obtained from diagnostic microbiology laboratories in England and Wales Electronic reports of IPD cases in England and Wales are matched with serotype reports of the isolates and analyzed by the Public Health England Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit The corrected incidence of IPD accounted for the proportion of samples serotyped, missing age, and for the trend in total IPD up to 2009/2010 (after which no trend correction was applied) The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for IPD was calculated by comparing the incidence in 2013–2014 relative to the average incidence of IPD in the 2 years pre-PCV13 introduction (2008–2010) and during the pre-PCV7 years (2000–2006) using a Poisson regression The incidence of nonvaccine serotypes found in cases of IPD in children <5 years increased relative to vaccine serotypes Reference Waight PA, Andrews NJ, Ladhani SN, et al. Effect of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales 4 years after its introduction: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(5):535-543. PCV=pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PCV7=serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F. PCV13 only=only serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A. 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 Rok *Upravené na proporciu sérotypovaných vzoriek, chýbajúci vek, denominátor porovnaný s rokmi 2009–2010, a trend celkového počtu IPD až do roku 2009–2010 (potom žiadna korekcia trendu aplikovaná). NVT=nevakcinačné sérotypy; PCV13 only=sérotypy obsiahnuté vPCV13 avšak nie v PCV7 Waight PA, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(5):535-543.

Upravená incidencia* na 100,000 PCV13 2+1 UK: Incidencia* prípadov IPD spôsobených akýmkoľvek sérotypom vo vekovej kategórii ≥65 rokov All PCV7 PCV13 only NVT Rok Upravená incidencia* na 100,000 2000/2001 15 25 40 PCV13 35 30 20 10 5 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 PCV7 25% redukcia všetkých IPD 64% redukcia IPD spôsobených 6 dodatočnými sérotypmi v PCV13 2008–2010 až 2013–2014 Key Point Based on surveillance data in England, in individuals aged ≥65 years, between 2008 and 2010 and 2013 and 2014, there was a 64% reduction in incidence of IPD due to the 6 additional PCV13 serotypes not found in PCV7 (P<0.0001) and a 25% reduction in incidence of all-type IPD. Notes PCV7 was introduced in September 2006 and was replaced by PCV13 in April 2010 on a 2+1 schedule starting at age 2 months.1 PCV13 vaccine coverage at 1 year of age in 2012 through 2013 was 94%.2 It is important to note that pediatric vaccination coverage rates may impact the level of indirect effects observed in unvaccinated populations. Based on data from Public Health England, investigators found that after PCV7 and PCV13 vaccination was implemented in infants in England and Wales, the incidence of IPD overall, and due to vaccine types, began to decline in adults aged ≥65 years.1 References Waight PA, Andrews NJ, Ladhani SN, et al. Effect of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales 4 years after its introduction: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(5):535-543. Health and Social Care Information Centre. NHS Immunisation Statistics, England 2013-2014. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB14949/nhs-immu-stat-eng-2013-14-rep.pdf. Published September 25, 2014. Accessed November 18, 2015. *Upravené na proporciu sérotypovaných vzoriek, chýbajúci vek, denominátor porovnaný s rokmi 2009–2010 IPD=invazívne pneumokokové ochorenia; NVT=nevakcinačné sérotypy; PCV7=7-valentná pneumokoková konjugovaná vakcína; PCV13=13-valentná pneumokoková konjugovaná vakcína. Waight PA, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:535-543;

PCV10 2+1 Fínsko: Počet prípadov IPD spôsobených akýmkoľvek sérotypom vo všetkých vekových skupinách PCV10 Sérotypy Počet izolátov Non-PCV13 3,6A,19A Key Point The incidence of IPD across all ages due to non-PCV10 serotypes has been on the rise, particularly serotype 19A. Notes PCV10 was introduced into the national vaccination program in September 2010 using a 2+1 schedule at 3, 5, and 12 months. Vaccine coverage estimated to be >95% by 2013 in children <2 years of age based on vaccine consumption.² It is important to note that pediatric vaccination coverage rates may impact the level of indirect effects observed in unvaccinated populations. The National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) in Finland conducts surveillance for IPD and monitors serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance. Reports come from clinical microbial laboratories notifications obtained from the Infectious Disease Register at THL, and laboratory analyses performed at the THL national reference laboratories. The incidence of IPD has decreased significantly in vaccinated children since PCV10 was introduced, with 81% fewer cases of IPD in vaccinated children compared to similarly aged children in the period prior to PCV10 introduction. Although playing a minor role in the overall incidence of disease, the incidence of IPD due to non-PCV10 serotypes has been on the rise, particularly in older-age groups. Reference National Institute for Health and Welfare. Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in Finland. https://www.thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/topics/information-packages/incidence-of-invasive-pneumococcal-disease-in-finland. Updated June 9, 2015. Accessed November 18, 2015. Palmu A. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland. PCV10 in the National Vaccination Programme. 2014;p13-14. http://www.fhi.no/dokumenter/1c2d6c048d.pdf. Accessed November 23, 2015. PCV10 Year PCV10=10-valent ná pneumokoková konjugovaná vakcína; PCV13=13-valentná pneumokoková konjugovaná vakcína. National Institute for Health and Welfare. http://www.thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/topics/information-packages/incidence-of-invasive-pneumococcal-disease-in-finland. Citované Január 2016.

Fínsko: Národné survellance dáta, IPD spôsobené PCV10 sérotypmi a 19A FinIP štúdia iniciovaná vo februári 2009; PCV10 zavedená do NIP v septembri 2010 300% nárast dospelí >65 r. 2010 až 2014 52% redukcia dospelí >65r. 2010 až 2014 Key Point While the incidence of vaccine-type IPD has decreased significantly since PCV10 was introduced in 2010, there has been an increase in IPD due to the vaccine-related serotype 19A. In adults aged >65 years, the incidence of 19A IPD increased 300% from 2010 to 2014.1 Notes PCV10 was introduced into the national vaccination program in September 2010 using a 2+1 schedule at 3, 5, and 12 months.2 Vaccine coverage estimated to be >95% by 2013 in children <2 years of age based on vaccine consumption.3 It is important to note that pediatric vaccination coverage rates may impact the level of indirect effects observed in unvaccinated populations. The National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) in Finland conducts surveillance for IPD and monitors serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance.2 Reports come from clinical microbial laboratories notifications obtained from the Infectious Disease Register at THL, and laboratory analyses performed at the THL national reference laboratories.2 The incidence of IPD has decreased significantly in vaccinated children since PCV10 was introduced, with 81% fewer cases of IPD in vaccinated children compared to similarly aged children in the period prior to PCV10 introduction.2 The incidence of IPD due to PCV10 serotypes has decreased in older age groups as well, suggesting beneficial indirect effects in unvaccinated populations.2 However, the number of IPD cases due to serotype 19A has increased substantially in older age groups, particularly those aged >65 years, indicating that indirect effects were not observed for vaccine-related serotypes.1 References National Institute for Health and Welfare. Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in Finland. https://www.thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/topics/information-packages/incidence-of-invasive-pneumococcal-disease-in-finland. Updated June 9, 2015. Accessed November 18, 2015. National Institute for Health and Welfare. PCV10 impact on non-laboratory-confirmed IPD. 2014. http://www.fhi.no/dokumenter/1c2d6c048d.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2015. Palmu A. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland. PCV10 in the National Vaccination Programme. 2014;p13-14. http://www.fhi.no/dokumenter/1c2d6c048d.pdf. Accessed November 23, 2015. FinIP=Finnish Invasive Pneumococcal disease trial; IPD=invazívne pneumokokové ochorenia; NIP=národný imunizačný program; PCV10=10-valentná pneumokoková konjugovaná vakcína; VT=vakcinačný sérotyp National Institute for Health and Welfare. http://www.thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/topics/information-packages/incidence-of-invasive-pneumococcal- disease-in-finland. Citované január 2016.

USA, Izrael a Fínsko: IPD spôsobené sérotypom 19A PCV10 Sep 2010 no catch up PCV13 Nov 2010 no catch up Prípady za rok PCV13 Mar 2010 Catch-Up Na tomto slide sú znázornené počty prípadov za rok spôsobené sérotypom 19A v USA, Izraeli a vo Fínsku (2004-2013). Tieto krajiny majú kvalitný surveillance systém pre sledovanie IPO. Pokles prípadov IPO spôsobený sérotypom 19A boli pozorované vo všetkých vekových skupinách v USA ako aj Izraeli, avšak počet IPO prípadov spoôsobených 19A u všetkých vekových skupín vo Fínsku sú buď rovnaké, ako v rokoch pred očkovaciu látku alebo sa dramaticky zvýšili (pozri vekové skupiny pre osoby staršie ako 18 rokov). 1. Moore et al, Lancet Infect Dis, 15:301-09, 2015 2. Dagan et al (data from the nationwide prospective surveillance on IPD in Israel) 3. Finland Institute for Health and Welfare (THL): http://www.thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/topics/information-packages/incidence-of-invasive-pneumococcal-disease-in-finland Slide prepared by Ron Dagan, MD.

IPD spôsobené všetkými PCV13 sérotypmi u detí <5 r. a osôb ≥5 r. vo Fínsku a Izraeli 2009 – 2014* 1 2 FinIP PCV10 trial PCV10 in NIP, no catch-up PCV7 in NIP with Catch-up PCV13 gradually replaces PCV7, no catch-up Finland 1 2 2009-10 vs. 2012-13 <5 yrs -78% Israel 2012-13 vs. 2009-10 <5 yrs -90% Predicted by ≥0.35/0.20 g/ml threshold Number of cases This slide shows the evolution of IPD caused by the 13 serotypes included in PCV13 in children under 5 in Israel, where a 2+1 NIP with PCV13 is on going, and separately, the evolution of IPD caused by these 13 STs in Finland, where a 2+1 NIP with PCV10 is in place. In both countries there was a decreased in IPD in children <5 of 90% reduction in Israel and 78% reduction in Finland. This effectiveness was predicted by the threshold of 0.35/0.20 µg/ml in antibodies concentrations. 1 2 * Finland: Year Jan-Dec Israel: Year Jul-Jun http://www.thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/topics/information-packages/incidence-of-invasive-pneumococcal-disease-in-finland IsraNIP study, Dagan, data from the nationwide prospective surveillance on IPD in Israel Slide prepared by Ron Dagan, MD.

mean antibody concentrations IPD spôsobené všetkými PCV13 sérotypmi u detí <5 r. a osôb ≥5 r. vo Fínsku a Izraeli 2009 – 2014* 1 2 FinIP PCV10 trial PCV10 in NIP, no catch-up PCV7 in NIP with Catch-up PCV13 gradually replaces PCV7, no catch-up Finland 1 2 2009-10 vs. 2012-13 <5 yrs -78% ≥5 yrs -25% Israel 2012-13 vs. 2009-10 <5 yrs -90% ≥5 yrs -72% Predicted by ≥0.35/0.20 g/ml threshold Predicted by mean antibody concentrations Number of cases But when we look at IPD caused by 13 STs in all other age groups >5, we see a significant reduction of IPD of 72% in Israel, with PCV13, but no significant reduction in Finland, only 25%. The impact of vaccination on IPD in older ages was predicted by mean of antibody concentrations, which were lower for PCV10. 1 2 * Finland: Year Jan-Dec Israel: Year Jul-Jun http://www.thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/topics/information-packages/incidence-of-invasive-pneumococcal-disease-in-finland IsraNIP study, Dagan, data from the nationwide prospective surveillance on IPD in Israel Slide prepared by Ron Dagan, MD.

ZÁVER PCV10 a PCV13 sú efektívne v prevencii IPD spôsobených vakcinačnými sérotypmi u očkovaných detí. 1 Avšak ochrana pred nosičstvom sa líší od ochrany pred IPD, vyžaduje vyššie hladiny protilátok. 2 V prípade nosičstva je skrížená ochrana v rámci séroskupiny inferiórná v porovnaní s ochranou pred sérotypmi obsiahnutými vo vakcíne. 3 V krajinách používajúcich prevažne PCV10, rovnako ako na Slovensku, pozorujem nárast IPD spôsobených 19A u staršej neočkovanej populácie. 4 Hlavný verejno-zdravotnícky prínos plošného pneumokokového očkovania je v kolektívnej ochrane. 5

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