Chapter 2 Early People

Essential Questions How did early people interact to meet their basic needs? Why did early people change from food collectors to food producers? How did early societies become more complex and change into cities?

Key terms Descendant B.C. Consequence A.D. Extinct B.C.E. Technology Artifact Specialize Domesticate Livestock Pastoral society Slash and burn B.C. A.D. B.C.E. C.E. Obsidian Import Export Ziggurat City-state civilization

Hunters and gatherers BIG IDEAS: Early people lived and worked together to survive. Most early people lived in bands (about 30 people). They migrated to hunt and gather food. Over time, these bands spread throughout the world.

Hunters and gatherers Women gathered fruits, berries, nuts and roots. Men hunted large animals such as, wooly mammoths, mastodons, deer and bison. Nomads Meat Skin Bones Food Clothing Tools Shelter

= = Hunters and gatherers Types of tools: Technology Hooks for fishing Needles for sewing Stones and bones for spears (atlatl) Plant fibers were weaved into ropes Hunting Techniques Chasing animals off a cliff Disguising as animals to creep closer THIS PERIOD IS KNOWN AS THE OLD STONE AGE, OR THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD Technology = =

Hunters and gatherers Early People on the Move As population increased and herds moved, bands spread across the world. The Ice Ages Land bridges formed over frozen oceans This allowed for the migration of early people

HUNTERS AND GATHERERS Early Cultures and Societies As bands spread, they developed their own culture, or unique way of doing things. People had different clothing, shelters, tools, artifacts, art, ideas, and languages. People began to specialize in their work Each person was responsible for a particular job based on their skills and the needs of the band.

DO NOW Directions: Compare and contrast cultures of early people and cultures today. THEN NOW

= Herders and farmers BIG IDEAS: Over time, early people became food producers instead of food collectors. Some early societies domesticated animals, raised livestock, and grew crops. Cause Effects Agriculture Food increases Population Conflict over land =

Herders and farmers Nomads: usually moved with herds and did not build permanent shelters. Today, nomads are called pastoral societies. Bedouins live in the deserts of northern Africa and southwestern Asia.

Herders and farmers Early people began “domesticating plants” and grew crops. The first plants to be grown as crops were wheat and barley. As people grew crops they began to develop farming skills and built permanent shelters. New tools & techniques developed The first plow Slash and burn

Agriculture More food More people More conflict Herders and farmers Agriculture More food More people More conflict

Early settlements & cities BIG IDEAS: New ways of life developed when settlements were built in southwestern Asia. Jericho, Catal Huyuk, and Ur were the first and oldest settlements in the world.

Early settlements & cities Jericho 8000 B.C. Early herders and farmers developed Jericho Grew wheat and barley Extra grain was traded for obsidian, a black volcanic rock Obsidian was durable for tools Built on oasis … good water source Water needed to be defended Built ginormous walls around the city to protect from enemies and possible floods

Early settlements & cities Catul Huyuk 7000 B.C. in Turkey Early herders and farmers formed Catul Huyuk Wheat, barley, peas Domesticated animals Hunters – wall paintings Traders Raw materials Obsidian, flint, copper, shells and timber Clay homes

Early settlements & cities Mesopotamia Between the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers Fertile Crescent “land between two rivers” Ur Complex society Ziggurats with temples Specialization of jobs Pottery, weaving, working with leather (tanner) Soon nearby farms came under Ur’s control, leading to the formation of the city-state

Early settlements & cities Three ways to develop a civilization: