Fascism in Italy & Germany 1919 1939 <─┼───────────────────────┼─>

Terms—Fascism & Nazism Benito Mussolini (d. 1945) March on Rome (October 1922) “Il Duce” (The Leader) National Socialist German Workers’ Party=Nazi Party Adolf Hitler Beer Hall Putsch (1923) Mein Kampf (1923) Chancellor (January 1933) Enabling Act (March 1933) Fuhrer Gestapo / SS Dachau (1933) Nuremberg Laws (1935) Kristallnacht (1938) Totalitarian Dictatorship

fasces  on an Italian coin from 1923 fascism fasces  on an Italian coin from 1923

Benito Mussolini 1883-1945

Mussolini's Black Shirts

March on Rome—October 1922

March on Rome—October 1922

Victor Emmanuel III 1869-1947

Il Duce—The Leader

a system where the government controls every aspect of people’s lives. totalitarianism a system where the government controls every aspect of people’s lives.

Benito Mussolini & Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler 1889-1945

Germany after Treaty of Versailles, 1919

Weimar Republic Stab in the Back

Hitler During WWI

National Socialist Workers Party = Nazi Party

Leaders of the 1923 Munich “Beer Hall Putsch”

Hitler in Prison

Adolf Hitler 1889-1945 Mein Kampf Lebensraum

Adolf Hitler and Nazi Party early 1920s

“Work and Bread” Nazi campaign poster during Great Depression 1929-1933

Paul von Hindenburg 1847-1934

Hitler becomes chancellor

Reichstag Fire – February 1933

Reaction to the Reichstag Fire Order of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State On the basis of Article 48 paragraph 2 of the Constitution of the German Reich, the following is ordered in defense against Communist state-endangering acts of violence: § 1. Articles 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124 and 153 of the Constitution of the German Reich are suspended until further notice. It is therefore permissible to restrict the rights of personal freedom [habeas corpus], freedom of opinion, including the freedom of the press, the freedom to organize and assemble, the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications, and warrants for house searches, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed. . . .

Enabling Act (1933)

Nazi Officials, ca., 1933

Nazi Public Works Project, early 1930s

Women Workers Participate in “Strength Through Joy” Outing

Hitler idealized

Hitler Idealized

Hitler Loves Children

Nazi Party Rally, 1936 (Image from “Triumph of the Will”)

Nazi Rally--Nuremberg

Nazi Rally--Nuremberg

Nazi Rally--Nuremberg

Book Burning, 1933

Dachau

Anti-Jewish Boycott 1933

“Law for the Restoration of the Civil Service” (1934) Jews banned from government service

Nuremberg Laws (1935) Deprived Jews of all citizen rights – legalized racism

Nuremberg Laws (1935) defined “Jew” anyone with one Jewish grandparent stripped Jews of German citizenship could not marry non-Jews limited Jews to Jewish names

Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass) November 1938

“Only for Aryans”

Nazi Poster, saving for a Volkswagen

a system where the government controls every aspect of people’s lives. totalitarianism a system where the government controls every aspect of people’s lives.

Origins of World War II—The Road to War 1919 1945 <─┼───────────────────────┼─>

Terms—The Road to War Greater Germany Lebensraum Appeasement Maginot Line Ethiopia (1935 – 1936) Rhineland (1936) Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) Spanish Civil War (1936 – 1939) Franco Anschluss (1938) Sudeten Czechoslovakia Neville Chamberlain Munich Agreement (1938) Winston Churchill Prague (March 1939)

Adolf Hitler 1889-1945 Mein Kampf Lebensraum—”Living space for the master race”

appeasement

Germany c. 1933

German troops reoccupy Rhineland, 1936

Opening Ceremonies of 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin

Opening Ceremonies of the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin

Timeline of the 1930s 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor Germany leaves League of Nations 1934: Non-Aggression Treaty w/ Poland 1935: Germany resumes conscription Naval Treaty w/ Britain 1936: Germany reoccupies Rhineland

Benito Mussolini & Adolf Hitler

Germany Sudetenland Austria Anschluss (Spring 1938)

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain meets with Adolf Hitler in Munich September 1938

Chamberlain declares “Peace in Our Time,” 1938

Timeline of the 1930s Spring 1938 Fall 1938 Spring 1939 German Anschluss with Austria Fall 1938 Germany occupies Sudetenland Spring 1939 Germany occupies Czechoslovakia Britain & France warn Hitler: “No more.”

Timeline of the 1930s Spring 1938 Fall 1938 Spring 1939 August 1939: German Anschluss with Austria Fall 1938 Germany occupies Sudetenland Spring 1939 Germany occupies Czechoslovakia August 1939: Germany signs Non-Aggression Treaty w/USSR

Germany invades Poland, 1 Sep 1939

Image from TIME magazine 25 September 1939

World War II September 1939 1 Sept: Germany invades Poland 3 Sept: Britain & France declare war Chamberlain’s announcement