AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CH. 21n 17o CLASS NOTES Civilization and Urbanization

The Beginning of State Formation… (You should know this story by now!!!) Nomadic (H-G) settle into small villages (1st Ag. Rev.) Work / CITY specialization Classes develop, status in society Villages incorporate to larger cities under central authority (CORE) Begins formation of state

Urbanization and State Formation Transforms egalitarian (equal) societies into stratified (layers of classes, jobs), specialized ones Why??? How is Urbanization distributed around globe today???

The Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia) FORMATIVE ERA – (5000 BCE – 2000 BCE) Development of “states” and “urbanization” Mesopotamia, Nile River (Egypt), Indus River (India) “City” becomes focus of state planning ??? must flow into city (C-P / Von Thunen)

Diffusion Patterns

Functions of the City??? Religious Centers Government Centers (Services) Educational Centers Economic / Trade Centers Cultural / Social Centers Protection Center

How do Populations / Cities Diffuse? Trade Routes Rise and Decline of Civilizations / Empires Mediterranean Sea Egypt, Greece, Rome

Empire of Alexander the Great (Diffusion Type?)

Hail Caesar!!!

Why Empires Decline / Fail…? Trade and Transport networks break down Misrule, corruption, external attack, revolt Social Order breaks down – hard to control foreign peoples

City Classifications – Gideon Sjoberg Cities are products of their societies 1. Folk-Preliterate (agricultural settlement) 2. Feudal (Status of houses {manor}) 3. Pre-Industrial (architecture and arts influence on religious / gov’t buildings) 4. Urban-Industrial (high rise / econ. & financial takeover of city core)

Classic Urban Banana – London to Japan

Modern City – Marked by elaborate road. construction leading to Modern City – Marked by elaborate road construction leading to suburbanization Postmodernism – Modern styles that focus on entertainment and consumption culture contrasting with older historical (manufacturing) roots

Primate Cities If no other city in a country even comes close to rivaling the largest city in terms of size or influence, the city is a primate city Serves as the financial, political, and population center of a country Often, but not always, the capital city more than twice as populous as the next largest city (“disproportionately large”) Not all countries have primate cities Often found in less developed countries

Examples France: Paris (2.2 million); next is Marseilles with 800,000 United Kingdom: London (6.9 million); next is Birmingham with 1 million Mexico: Mexico City (9.8 million in the city; 16.6 million in the metropolitan area); next is Guadalajara with 1.7 million Thailand: Bangkok (5.9 million); next is Nakhon Ratchasima with 278,000 Bangkok has been called “the most primate city on earth” because it is 40 times larger than Nakhon Ratchasima

Countries WITHOUT primate cities India's most populous city is Mumbai (formerly Bombay) with 9.9 million; second is Delhi with 7 million, third is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) with 4.4 million, and fourth is Chennai (formerly Madras) with 3.8 million. With the New York City metropolitan area population at approximately 20.1 million, second ranked Los Angeles at 15.8 million, and even third ranked Chicago at 8.8 million, the United States lacks a primate city. China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city countries.